Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Electricity Generation in Turkey on a Life Cycle Basis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Aim and Scope of the Study | Technologies | Country | Environmental Impacts | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Life cycle energy use, GWP and cost assessment of gas fired combined cycle plant | Natural gas | Singapore | Global warming, energy use | [14] |
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from electric supply technologies | Lignite, hard coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, CCS, hydro, wind, solar PV, biomass, energy storage | Not specified | Global warming | [15] |
Setting up life cycle models for the environmental analysis of hydropower generation, considering technical and climatic boundary conditions | Run-of-river, storage and pumped storage hydro | Germany | Global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, energy demand | [20] |
LCA of carbon dioxide capture and storage from lignite power plants | Pulverised coal (PC), PC with CO2 capture, Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), IGCC with CO2 capture, oxyfuel plant with CO2 capture | Germany | Global warming, energy demand, photochemical smog, eutrophication, acidification | [21] |
LCA of a 2 MW rated power wind turbine | Onshore wind | Spain | Global warming, resource depletion, ecotoxicity, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, human toxicity | [22] |
LCA of mini-hydropower plants | Run-of-river hydro | Thailand | Global warming, resource depletion, acidification, human toxicity, photochemical smog, water ecotoxicity | [23] |
LCA of electricity generation | Nuclear, coal, natural gas, oil, renewables | Mexico | Global warming, ecotoxicity, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, human toxicity, resource depletion | [24] |
LCA of the wind turbines | Onshore wind | Spain | Global warming, ecotoxicity, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, human toxicity, resource depletion | [25] |
LCA of a hydroelectric power | Run-of-river hydro | Thailand | Global warming, ecotoxicity, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, resource depletion | [26] |
Life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generation | Nuclear, coal, natural gas, offshore wind, solar PV | UK | Global warming, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, land use, ecotoxicity, human toxicity, resource depletion | [27] |
LCA of 1 kWh generated by a Gamesa onshore wind farm | Onshore wind | Europe | Cumulative energy demand, global warming, summer smog, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, acidification, human toxicity, land use | [28] |
Life cycle data for hydroelectric generation at Embretsfoss 4 power station | Run-of-river hydro | Norway | Global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, ozone layer depletion, waste | [29] |
Life cycle data for hydroelectricity from Trollheim power station | Reservoir hydro | Norway | Global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, ozone layer depletion, waste | [30] |
Life cycle assessment of electricity from an onshore V90-3.0 MW wind plant | Onshore wind | Not specified | Global warming, ecotoxicity, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, human toxicity, resource depletion | [31] |
Life cycle assessment of wind power | Onshore wind | Not specified | Global warming, ecotoxicity, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, human toxicity, resource depletion | [32] |
LCA of a wind plant | Onshore wind | France | Resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication, global warming, photochemical smog | [33] |
2.1. Goal and Scope Definition
2.2. Inventory Data
Type of Power Plant | Number of Plants | Installed Capacity (MW) | Annual Generation (GWh/yr) |
---|---|---|---|
Lignite | 16 | 8140 | 35,942 |
Hard coal a | 8 | 3751 | 19,104 |
Natural gas | 187 | 18,213 | 98,144 |
Large-reservoir hydropower (capacity > 500 MW) | 8 | 8459 | 30,583 |
Small-reservoir hydropower (capacity < 500 MW) | 47 | 4608 | 13,885 |
Run-of-river hydropower | 205 | 2764 | 7327 |
Onshore wind | 39 | 1320 | 2916 |
Geothermal | 6 | 94 | 668 |
Total | 516 | 47,349 | 208,569 |
(49,524) b | (211,208) c |
Natural Gas (million m3) | Hard Coal (million tonnes) | Lignite (million tonnes) | Transport Distances (km) Gas a Hard Coal b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic fuel | - | 0.20 | 55.89 | - | - |
Imported fuel | |||||
Russia | 9921 | 4.45 c | - | 5750 | 5000 |
Iran | 4383 | - | - | 2700 | - |
Azerbaijan | 2551 | - | - | 1150 | - |
Algeria | 2205 | - | - | 4000 | - |
Nigeria | 671 | - | - | 4500 | - |
USA | - | 1.48 | - | - | 10,500 |
South Africa | - | 1.48 | - | - | 13,000 |
Other | 1738 | - | - | 1750 | - |
Total | 21,469 | 7.61 | 55.89 | 19,850 | 28,500 |
2.2.1. Electricity from Fossil Fuels
2.2.2. Electricity from Renewables
- E1: environmental impacts of the larger plant
- E2: environmental impacts of the smaller plant
- C1: capacity of the larger plant
- C2: capacity of the smaller plant
- 0.6: the “six-tenths” scaling factor.
- the contribution of the liquid-fuel power plants to the total generation of electricity is small and for simplicity has been substituted with the equivalent amount of electricity generated by the gas power plants;
- the data on the specific technologies for other renewables and waste have not been available. As their contribution to the total electricity generation is small, they have been substituted by small-reservoir hydropower.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Environmental Impacts of Different Electricity Technologies
Comparison of Results with the Literature
Coal | Gas | Hydropower | Wind | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mining and Processing | ||||
Lignite: |
| |||
| ||||
Transport b | ||||
Lignite:
|
|
|
| |
Plant Construction | ||||
|
| Large reservoir: |
| |
| ||||
Plant Operation | ||||
|
| Large reservoir:
|
| |
Plant Decommissioning i | ||||
|
|
|
|
3.2. Environmental Impacts of Electricity Generated in the Base Year
3.2.1. Impacts per kWh
Abiotic Depletion Potential
Acidification and Eutrophication Potential
Ecotoxicity Potential
Global Warming Potential
Human Toxicity Potential
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential
Photochemical Oxidants Creation Potential
3.2.2. Total Annual Impacts
3.3. Environmental Impacts from Electricity Generation from 1990–2014
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Atilgan, B.; Azapagic, A. Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Electricity Generation in Turkey on a Life Cycle Basis. Energies 2016, 9, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9010031
Atilgan B, Azapagic A. Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Electricity Generation in Turkey on a Life Cycle Basis. Energies. 2016; 9(1):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9010031
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtilgan, Burcin, and Adisa Azapagic. 2016. "Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Electricity Generation in Turkey on a Life Cycle Basis" Energies 9, no. 1: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9010031