Investigating “Egusi” (Citrullus Colocynthis L.) Seed Oil as Potential Biodiesel Feedstock
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials
2.2. Analysis of egusi melon seed oil
2.3. Transesterification
2.4. Gas chromatography analysis
2.5. Biodiesel property determination
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical properties of egusi melon seed oil
3.2. Fatty ester composition
Parameter | Egusi |
---|---|
Iodine value (g I2/100g) | 114.46 |
Density at 15 °C (kg/m3) | 905.3 |
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) | 31.52 |
Saponification value (mg KOH/g) | 204.44 |
Acid value (mg KOH/g) | 0.98 |
Free fatty acid (%) | 0.49 |
Caloric value (MJ/kg) | 39.37 |
Colour | 5Y + 0.4R |
Ave. Molecular weight (g) | 874 |
3.3. Biodiesel yield
3.4. Fuel properties of egusi melon oil methyl ester
Fatty acid | Class | Palma | Jatrophab | Rapea | Soybeana | Safflowera | Sunflowera | Egusi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caprylic | C8:0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Capric | C10:0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Lauric | C12:0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Myristic | C14:0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | ||||
Palmitic | C16:0 | 43.9 | 18.22 | 2.7 | 10.3 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 10.48 | ||||
Palmitoleic | C16:1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.06 | ||||
Stearic | C18:0 | 4.9 | 5.14 | 2.8 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 9.72 | ||||
Oleic | C18:1 | 39.0 | 28.46 | 21.9 | 22.5 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 17.95 | ||||
Linoleic | C18:2 | 9.5 | 48.18 | 13.1 | 54.1 | 75.5 | 71.4 | 61.41 | ||||
Linolenic | C18:3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.38 | ||||
Erucic | C22:1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 50.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Total saturated | 51.20 | 23.36 | 5.50 | 15.10 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 20.20 | |||||
Total unsaturated | 48.80 | 76.64 | 94.50 | 84.90 | 90.00 | 88.00 | 79.80 |
Property | Unit | Limits | SOME | SUOME | SAOME | EMOME | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASTM D6751 | EN 14214 | ||||||
Ester content | % (mol/mol) | - | 96.5 min | 96.9a | 97.2a | 97.67c | 96.78 |
Density; 15 °C | kg/m3 | - | 860–900 | 885d | 884b | 874c | 883 |
Kinematic viscosity; 40 °C | mm2/s | 1.9–6.0 | 3.5–5.0 | 4.2a | 4.85b | 4.29c | 3.83 |
Flash point | ºC | 130 min | 120 min | 171a | 168b | 176c | 142 |
Cloud point | °C | Report | - | 1d | 1b | 2c | 0.5 |
Acid value | mg KOH/g | 0.5 max | 0.50 max | 0.14a | 0.4b | 0.28c | 0.19 |
Linolenic acid content | % (mol/mol) | - | 12.0 max | 6.3a | 0.2a | - | 0.38 |
Higher heating value | MJ/kg | - | - | 41.28e | 45.5b | 45.21c | 39.97 |
Oxidation number | h | 3 min | 6 min | 1.3a | 1.96b | - | 1.41 |
Cetane number | 47 min | 51 min | 49a | 55b | 52.32c | 53.66* | |
Free glycerol | wt.% | 0.02 max | 0.02 max | 0.07a | 0.015f | 0.016 | 0.011 |
Total glycerol | wt.% | 0.24 max | 0.25 max | 0.00a | 0.201f | 0.225c | 0.192 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References and Notes
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Giwa, S.; Abdullah, L.C.; Adam, N.M. Investigating “Egusi” (Citrullus Colocynthis L.) Seed Oil as Potential Biodiesel Feedstock. Energies 2010, 3, 607-618. https://doi.org/10.3390/en3040607
Giwa S, Abdullah LC, Adam NM. Investigating “Egusi” (Citrullus Colocynthis L.) Seed Oil as Potential Biodiesel Feedstock. Energies. 2010; 3(4):607-618. https://doi.org/10.3390/en3040607
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiwa, Solomon, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, and Nor Mariah Adam. 2010. "Investigating “Egusi” (Citrullus Colocynthis L.) Seed Oil as Potential Biodiesel Feedstock" Energies 3, no. 4: 607-618. https://doi.org/10.3390/en3040607