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Volume 19
Issue 6
10.3390/en19061532
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Article

Experimental Evaluation of an Energy Generation and Storage System Based on a Concentration Redox Flow Battery Coupled to Solar Power

by
Elier Sandoval-Sánchez
1,
Ziomara De la Cruz-Barragán
1,
David García-Bassoco
2,
Paola Roncagliolo-Barrera
2,
David Morillón
1 and
Edgar Mendoza
1,*
1
Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
2
Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2026, 19(6), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061532
Submission received: 6 February 2026 / Revised: 9 March 2026 / Accepted: 16 March 2026 / Published: 20 March 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Renewable Energy Systems Toward Sustainable Development)
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Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaics, requires low-cost, scalable energy storage solutions suitable for decentralized systems. This work experimentally evaluates an iron chloride concentration redox flow battery (FeCl-CFB) coupled to a photovoltaic system. The battery, which employs the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple to store energy through a chemical concentration gradient, was electrochemically characterized using different carbon-based electrode materials and operated under solar charging for 25 charge–discharge cycles. A maximum power density of 6.3 W·m−2 was achieved at the cell level, with stable cycling behavior under variable solar irradiance. Coulombic and energy efficiencies remained within ranges of 63–72% and 20–28%, respectively, throughout the cycles. Despite these moderate efficiencies, the system demonstrated a consistent and functional usable capacity. The main limitation identified was a decrease in maximum power after prolonged cycling, attributable to resistance and polarization losses rather than electrolyte instability. These preliminary results characterize the initial performance of the FeCl-CFB under solar-driven conditions, highlighting significant efficiency and stability challenges that must be addressed through further optimization to determine the future potential for decentralized energy storage.
Keywords: concentration redox flow battery; iron chloride; solar energy storage; flow batteries; decentralized energy systems concentration redox flow battery; iron chloride; solar energy storage; flow batteries; decentralized energy systems

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sandoval-Sánchez, E.; De la Cruz-Barragán, Z.; García-Bassoco, D.; Roncagliolo-Barrera, P.; Morillón, D.; Mendoza, E. Experimental Evaluation of an Energy Generation and Storage System Based on a Concentration Redox Flow Battery Coupled to Solar Power. Energies 2026, 19, 1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061532

AMA Style

Sandoval-Sánchez E, De la Cruz-Barragán Z, García-Bassoco D, Roncagliolo-Barrera P, Morillón D, Mendoza E. Experimental Evaluation of an Energy Generation and Storage System Based on a Concentration Redox Flow Battery Coupled to Solar Power. Energies. 2026; 19(6):1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061532

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandoval-Sánchez, Elier, Ziomara De la Cruz-Barragán, David García-Bassoco, Paola Roncagliolo-Barrera, David Morillón, and Edgar Mendoza. 2026. "Experimental Evaluation of an Energy Generation and Storage System Based on a Concentration Redox Flow Battery Coupled to Solar Power" Energies 19, no. 6: 1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061532

APA Style

Sandoval-Sánchez, E., De la Cruz-Barragán, Z., García-Bassoco, D., Roncagliolo-Barrera, P., Morillón, D., & Mendoza, E. (2026). Experimental Evaluation of an Energy Generation and Storage System Based on a Concentration Redox Flow Battery Coupled to Solar Power. Energies, 19(6), 1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061532

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