Operation Optimization of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Stations via Virtual Power Plant and Carbon Trading

Battery swapping stations (BSSs) serve as critical nodes for electric vehicle energy supply and power load regulation, representing important regulatory resources in modern power systems and making their operational optimization essential for reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency. To address the lack of carbon emission management and low battery utilization efficiency in existing BSS operations, this study proposes a collaborative optimization method that integrates virtual power plants (VPPs) and carbon trading mechanisms. The proposed approach dynamically adjusts charging and discharging schedules to achieve coordinated optimization of energy costs and carbon emissions. A comprehensive BSS operational model considering VPP participation and carbon trading is established, comparing the performance between conventional operation modes and collaborative mechanisms, followed by optimization analysis of four strategic approaches. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively promotes collaborative optimization of BSS in both VPP and carbon trading markets. Through flexible strategy combinations, the approach significantly reduces overall carbon emissions while maximizing both the economic and environmental benefits of BSS operations, providing important support for the sustainable development of modern power systems.