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Volume 18
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Article

Bee Bread Drying Process Intensification in Combs Using Solar Energy

by
Daulet Toibazar
1,2,
Baydaulet Urmashev
1,3,
Aliya Tursynzhanova
4,
Vladimir Nekrashevich
5,
Indira Daurenova
1,2,
Adilkhan Niyazbayev
1,
Kanat Khazimov
1,6,
Francesco Pegna
7 and
Marat Khazimov
1,2,*
1
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
2
Institute of Energy and Green Technologies, Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications Named After Gumarbek Daukeyev, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
3
Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
4
School of Applied Mathematics, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
5
Engineering Faculty, Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named After P.A. Kostychev, Ryazan 390000, Russia
6
Department of Information Systems, SDU University, Kaskelen 040900, Kazakhstan
7
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50100 Florence, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(9), 2226; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092226
Submission received: 13 March 2025 / Revised: 11 April 2025 / Accepted: 22 April 2025 / Published: 27 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
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Abstract

This study presents the development and evaluation of a stand-alone solar dryer designed to improve the efficiency of bee bread dehydration. Unlike the electric prototype powered by conventional energy sources, the proposed system operates autonomously, utilizing solar energy as the primary drying agent. The drying chamber is equipped with solar collectors located in its lower section, which ensure convective heating of the product. Active convection is generated by a set of fans powered by photovoltaic panels, maintaining the drying agent’s temperature near 42 °C. The research methodology integrates both numerical simulation and experimental investigation. Simulations focus on the variations in temperature (288–315 K) and relative humidity (1–1.5%) within the honeycomb structure under convective airflow. Experimental trials examine the relationship between moisture content and variables such as bee bread mass, airflow rate, number of frames (5–11 units), and drying time (2–11 h). A statistically grounded analysis based on an experimental design method was conducted, revealing a reduction in moisture content from 16.2–18.26% to 14.1–15.1% under optimized conditions. Linear regression models were derived to describe these dependencies. A comparative assessment using enthalpy–humidity (I–d) diagrams demonstrated the enhanced drying performance of the solar dryer, which is attributed to its cyclic operation mode. The results confirm the potential of the developed system for sustainable and energy-efficient drying of bee bread in decentralized conditions.
Keywords: bee products; bee bread; solar dryer; energy; solar energy; temperature bee products; bee bread; solar dryer; energy; solar energy; temperature

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MDPI and ACS Style

Toibazar, D.; Urmashev, B.; Tursynzhanova, A.; Nekrashevich, V.; Daurenova, I.; Niyazbayev, A.; Khazimov, K.; Pegna, F.; Khazimov, M. Bee Bread Drying Process Intensification in Combs Using Solar Energy. Energies 2025, 18, 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092226

AMA Style

Toibazar D, Urmashev B, Tursynzhanova A, Nekrashevich V, Daurenova I, Niyazbayev A, Khazimov K, Pegna F, Khazimov M. Bee Bread Drying Process Intensification in Combs Using Solar Energy. Energies. 2025; 18(9):2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092226

Chicago/Turabian Style

Toibazar, Daulet, Baydaulet Urmashev, Aliya Tursynzhanova, Vladimir Nekrashevich, Indira Daurenova, Adilkhan Niyazbayev, Kanat Khazimov, Francesco Pegna, and Marat Khazimov. 2025. "Bee Bread Drying Process Intensification in Combs Using Solar Energy" Energies 18, no. 9: 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092226

APA Style

Toibazar, D., Urmashev, B., Tursynzhanova, A., Nekrashevich, V., Daurenova, I., Niyazbayev, A., Khazimov, K., Pegna, F., & Khazimov, M. (2025). Bee Bread Drying Process Intensification in Combs Using Solar Energy. Energies, 18(9), 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092226

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