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Article

Trade-Offs in Modelling Accuracy and Complexity of DC Circuit Breakers: A Comparative Aggregated Approach

by
Jalal Sahebkar Farkhani
1,*,
Özgür Çelik
2,
Peter Jan Randewijk
3,
Jonathan Cervantes Gomez
3,
Claus Leth Bak
1,* and
Zhe Chen
1
1
Department of Energy, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
2
Energy Systems Engineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana, Turkey
3
Energinet.dk, 7000 Fredericia, Denmark
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(22), 6067; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226067
Submission received: 1 October 2025 / Revised: 24 October 2025 / Accepted: 14 November 2025 / Published: 20 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section F6: High Voltage)

Abstract

The growing interest in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology and multi-terminal HVDCs (MTDCs) has motivated the evaluation of DC circuit breakers (DCCBs) for increased operational flexibility. While modeling DCCBs remains essential, their complex structures and modeling techniques require careful consideration. In this context, trade-offs in modeling accuracy and complexity of DCCBs are of paramount importance, and hence, benchmarking-based modeling methodology for hybrid and non-hybrid DCCBs is performed in this study. To this end, the performance of different aggregated DCCB technologies, namely hybrid DCCBs, simple DCCBs, and voltage-source DCCBs, is benchmarked for MTDC applications, with the full representation of hybrid DCCBs taken as the baseline for comparison. First, it is shown that the aggregated hybrid DCCB provides an accurate representation of the full hybrid DCCB’s performance. This is followed by an analysis of the parameters for the simple DCCB and voltage-source DCCB (VSCB) that enable their performance to closely match that of the aggregated hybrid DCCB. Finally, the impact of aggregated DCCB models on voltage transients within a test system is analyzed, demonstrating the effectiveness of aggregated modeling across different DCCB technologies. Simulation-based analyses are conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC to compare the performance of different aggregated DCCB models.
Keywords: multi-terminal HVDC; DC circuit breaker; hybrid DCCB; simple DCCB; voltage-source DCCB; aggregated modeling multi-terminal HVDC; DC circuit breaker; hybrid DCCB; simple DCCB; voltage-source DCCB; aggregated modeling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Farkhani, J.S.; Çelik, Ö.; Randewijk, P.J.; Gomez, J.C.; Bak, C.L.; Chen, Z. Trade-Offs in Modelling Accuracy and Complexity of DC Circuit Breakers: A Comparative Aggregated Approach. Energies 2025, 18, 6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226067

AMA Style

Farkhani JS, Çelik Ö, Randewijk PJ, Gomez JC, Bak CL, Chen Z. Trade-Offs in Modelling Accuracy and Complexity of DC Circuit Breakers: A Comparative Aggregated Approach. Energies. 2025; 18(22):6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226067

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farkhani, Jalal Sahebkar, Özgür Çelik, Peter Jan Randewijk, Jonathan Cervantes Gomez, Claus Leth Bak, and Zhe Chen. 2025. "Trade-Offs in Modelling Accuracy and Complexity of DC Circuit Breakers: A Comparative Aggregated Approach" Energies 18, no. 22: 6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226067

APA Style

Farkhani, J. S., Çelik, Ö., Randewijk, P. J., Gomez, J. C., Bak, C. L., & Chen, Z. (2025). Trade-Offs in Modelling Accuracy and Complexity of DC Circuit Breakers: A Comparative Aggregated Approach. Energies, 18(22), 6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18226067

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