Eco-Efficient Retrofitting of Rural Heritage: A Systematic Review of Sustainable Strategies

Abstract

Through a systematic review of sustainable rural dwelling recovery, this study offers a broader reflection on retrofitting practices, viewing eco-efficiency as a means to enhance both cultural heritage and agricultural landscapes. The work is based on the assumption that vernacular architecture in rural contexts embodies historical, cultural, and typological values worthy of preservation, while remaining adaptable to reuse through eco-efficient solutions and technological innovation. Using the PRISMA protocol, 115 scientific contributions were selected from 1711 initial records and classified into four macro-groups: landscape relationships; seismic and energy retrofitting; construction techniques and innovative materials; and morphological–typological analysis. Results show a predominance (over 50%) of passive design strategies, compatible materials, and low-impact techniques, while active systems are applied more selectively to protect cultural integrity. The study identifies replicable methodological models combining sustainability, cultural continuity, and functional adaptation, offering recommendations for future operational guidelines. Conscious eco-efficient retrofitting thus emerges as a strategic tool for the integrated valorization of rural landscapes and heritage.

1. Introduction

The concept of landscape takes on different meanings depending on the perspective adopted. In rural areas, this concept becomes more complex due to the balance between conservation needs and productive land use [1].

It is essential to balance these needs, considering the role of sustainable agriculture in protecting the land and the environment. Safeguarding rural areas should not mean preserving them unchanged [2,3]. Instead, it should promote building practices that respect local traditions and the environment, while allowing continued use of the land for future generations [4]. This concern is reflected in many national policy frameworks and is exemplified by the recent amendment to the Italian Constitution (Article 9), which explicitly addresses the protection and enhancement of landscape and cultural heritage [5].

As highlighted in Article 131 of Legislative Decree 42/2004, rural farmhouses help shape the agricultural landscape thanks to their identity value and architectural features [6]. Today, they represent a valuable and available real estate asset, provided that they are the subject of appropriate restoration, renovation, or rehabilitation interventions. The recovery of farmhouses that preserve the typical characteristics of traditional architecture represents not only an opportunity for the enhancement of the rural landscape [7], but also a chance to integrate methods, practices, and operational strategies aimed at the conscious safeguarding of the testimonial values embodied in these structures [8].

Particular attention should be given to energy retrofitting practices [9], which have become increasingly important due to the impact of energy production technologies—especially photovoltaics—on the agricultural landscape. These effects include the electrification of rural areas and the growing presence of large photovoltaic plants [10]. At the same time, the urgent need to cut greenhouse gas emissions and improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings makes energy retrofitting of rural architecture a key tool in the green economy and in European decarbonization policies, especially considering the wide availability of suitable building heritage [11].

It is not surprising, in this context, that substantial resources have been allocated by the European Union for milestone M1C3—Investment 2.2 “Protection and enhancement of rural architecture and landscape” under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan [12].

This investment supports a systematic approach to the knowledge, protection, and enhancement of historic rural buildings and the agricultural landscape, recognizing that their future depends on balancing conservation with technological and construction upgrades [13]. In this context, the recovery and energy retrofitting of traditional buildings, especially those located between urban and rural areas, play a strategic role in preserving the identity of the rural landscape [14]. This study aims to organize and update existing knowledge on the rehabilitation of rural farmhouses, focusing on those retaining vernacular architectural features. The goal is to identify design and technical solutions that combine sustainability and energy efficiency, while preserving both the original identity of the buildings and the landscape value of their surroundings. Therefore, this study aims to systematize current knowledge on eco-efficient retrofitting strategies for rural heritage. It seeks to answer three main research questions, each corresponding to a key thematic area: the relationship between energy retrofitting and rural identity, the methods used for sustainable upgrading, and the potential to define replicable retrofit models.

To address this complex topic—balancing energy upgrading with the goals of protecting and enhancing the agricultural landscape [15]—the next section (Background) presents the key concepts of the study, outlining the hypotheses and thesis that guide the research. Section 3 (materials and methods) is likewise devoted to the methodological description of the activity carried out and the set of frameworks drawn from the scientific literature on the subject, the contents of which are discussed in the subsequent Section 4 (results).

The final section (Conclusions) summarizes the main findings and presents recommendations based on the reviewed case studies. These recommendations propose retrofit strategies that meet structural, functional, and energy needs while respecting the agricultural landscape. In this perspective, energy retrofitting of rural buildings acts as a strategic tool supporting the energy transition in the construction sector, consistent with green economy principles and European policies. This approach also promotes the recovery of abandoned rural heritage, creating synergies between decarbonization, technological innovation, and landscape preservation. The length and complexity of the introduction and background sections are justified by the need for a broad, multidisciplinary approach, necessary to understand the specific characteristics of rural buildings and the challenges involved in combining their rehabilitation with energy efficiency and landscape enhancement.

2. Background

This section clarifies the scope of the review and the reasons for structuring the current state of knowledge. It also presents the hypotheses guiding the research. Although the tone is explanatory and multidisciplinary, this approach was considered necessary to properly frame the topic and avoid misinterpretation.

2.1. Themes and Characteristics of Rural Architecture

The domain of rural architecture constitutes a complex and stratified field of investigation, where historical, cultural, functional, and landscape-related aspects intertwine [16]. Traditional rural construction—especially farmhouses and rural dwellings—is characterized by recurring morpho-typological features. Although these vary locally based on geographic, climatic, productive, and social factors, they reflect a body of construction knowledge and identity values of great significance [17]. Typical elements include courtyard or block layouts, stone or brick walls, pitched roofs, porticoes, storage areas, and functional spaces linked to surrounding open land [18].

These typical features, with their local variations and the specific characteristics of the building type under consideration, do not merely represent formal data, but constitute the material and immaterial fabric of a cultural landscape that deserves to be preserved and enhanced [19]. Therefore, any technological intervention—especially energy retrofitting for eco-efficient transformation—must be preceded by a thorough analysis and critical understanding of the building’s morpho-typological features [20]. Without such a conscious and analytical phase, any intervention would risk becoming a mere recovery or simple neofunctionalization, incapable of grasping the complexity and testimonial values embodied by these structures [21].

To be effective and aligned with protection and enhancement goals, energy retrofitting must follow a design process based on a deep understanding of the building’s historical, typological, and landscape characteristics, as well as its context [22]. Otherwise, there would be a risk of interventions which, while improving energy or functional performance, would irreversibly compromise the identity of the places, even to the point of undermining the expressive value of the landscape [23].

It should finally be specified that the present reflection does not aim to address specific restoration practices. The discipline of restoration inherently involves the coexistence of both artistic and historical dimensions [24], which require a dedicated theoretical and methodological framework. For this reason, such practices fall outside the scope of this study and will not be examined in detail.

This contribution focuses on retrofitting as a tool for the eco-efficient transformation of cultural agricultural heritage [25]. This review promotes sustainable renovation that preserves the identity of rural landscapes. It examines how energy retrofitting of traditional buildings can enhance both landscape and cultural heritage. The study adopts a multi-scale, multidisciplinary approach, combining architecture, engineering, landscape planning, and conservation. The aim is to balance energy efficiency with local identity, in line with environmental policies such as the European Green Deal and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The review focuses on linking decarbonization, energy transition, and the protection of rural heritage.

2.2. Rural Architecture Rehabilitation for Sustainable Transition

This section discusses the need to reflect on the possibilities for rehabilitating these structures, thereby fostering the debate on sustainable development as applied to the built environment. This is especially pertinent when considering the role that rural buildings can play in bearing witness to the landscape transformations that, over time, have shaped the current territorial structure in which they are embedded [26]. As noted, these buildings were originally designed to meet the self-sufficiency needs of agricultural estates. Today, despite their strict morpho-typological structure [27], they represent a vast and layered real estate heritage that contributes significantly to the overall quality of the peri-urban environment [28]. This is a heritage available for energy efficiency and compatible retrofitting interventions, capable—if properly maintained or transformed—of responding to contemporary requirements for comfort and safety [29].

In the context of the green economy, reusing abandoned or disused buildings enables circular economy processes based on the conservation of existing structures. This approach reduces land and material consumption and addresses needs—such as housing—that often affect areas far from major cities [30]. In addition, many of these buildings are located near areas of high environmental or aesthetic value, making them particularly attractive even in regions affected by depopulation. This is especially relevant in Italy’s inner areas, where policies promote sustainable territorial development [31].

Specifically, the proposed interventions for potential energy and structural retrofitting of the vernacular rural heritage today present themselves as a design challenge of high complexity. These buildings are often seismically fragile due to their masonry construction, use of local materials with low energy performance, and non-standard morpho-typological features. This calls for advanced technical solutions based on material compatibility and reversibility [32], which must also be evaluated in relation to the surrounding rural landscape.

A genuinely sustainable approach to the rehabilitation of historic vernacular dwellings must include the use of low environmental impact technologies, along with the optimization of existing passive systems—such as building orientation, the thermal inertia of masonry, and natural ventilation [33]. These interventions can include high-efficiency active systems, while preserving the original form of the buildings and their landscape. This approach reduces energy use and helps reactivate abandoned rural and peri-urban areas [34].

Sustainably upgrading farmhouses means reintegrating them into new uses—such as residential, hospitality, or productive functions—while preserving their identity, historical value, and architectural character. This in turn generates a positive impact in terms of social cohesion, economic regeneration, and territorial stewardship [35,36].

In this context, regardless of property classification [37], rural dwellings represent both historical heritage and active contributors to sustainability [38]. These buildings can support low-impact lifestyles based on bioclimatic principles [39]. Improving their energy performance helps reduce consumption and reintegrate abandoned structures into the green economy, contributing to climate change mitigation [40].

2.3. Sustainable Rehabilitation of Vernacular Rural Architecture Between Energy, Landscape, and Heritage. Thesis and Hypotheses of the Review Activity

This study aims to systematize current research on the sustainable rehabilitation of rural buildings, focusing on their role in energy transition and the enhancement of the agricultural landscape.

In pursuing the objective, the systematic analysis presented here is rooted in a set of hypotheses that are closely related to the theoretical premises outlined above:

• General hypothesis: Restoring vernacular architecture in rural areas should be seen as an integrated design process, based on a deep understanding of the buildings’ forms, construction methods, and landscape context. Respecting these specific features allows for interventions that protect local identity and cultural values, while adapting buildings for continued use. In this view, rehabilitation is not simple preservation or functional adaptation, but a strategic tool for regenerating both the rural landscape and its cultural heritage.
• Particular hypothesis: When based on critical analysis, energy retrofitting can be an effective tool for the sustainable transformation of rural buildings, improving their environmental performance without losing their cultural and architectural value. It should be seen as a multi-level design strategy that combines sustainability goals with the protection of architectural identity, contributing to both heritage conservation and rural landscape enhancement.

On the basis of these hypotheses, the study that this work seeks to substantiate is that the conscious rehabilitation and eco-efficient retrofitting of rural dwellings can constitute strategic tools for the sustainable enhancement of the agricultural landscape, acting synergistically on conservation, use, and innovation. The literature mapping presented here aims to verify these assumptions by identifying established and emerging approaches, methods, and practices within both scientific debate and policy actions. This requires a multi-level approach that integrates the diverse multidisciplinary contributions characterizing this field [41].

Within this framework, structural consolidation and seismic upgrading must be conceived as part of a unified project, capable of combining safety, functionality, and respect for the historical and landscape values of rural structures. Central to this is the compatibility between strengthening and the preservation of architectural specificities, as a necessary condition for the conscious regeneration of the agricultural building heritage [42]. In parallel, the critical use of local materials and vernacular construction techniques represents an opportunity to develop sustainable, low-impact interventions capable of ensuring durability and continuity with building traditions [4]. Finally, typological and settlement studies provide methodological support useful for defining replicable and appropriate approaches, guiding integrated design practices that are consistent with sustainable territorial development [43].

The literature review in the next section aims to validate the research hypotheses by identifying common themes and emerging approaches that influence both scientific studies and policy strategies. The study also addresses the questions in

Table 1. Questions related to and arising from the areas of interest in the review—© authors, 2025.

Code	Descriptions
Q1	How does current research consider energy retrofitting as a strategy to enhance vernacular architecture and rural landscape identity?
Q2	What methods and strategies are used to improve energy performance while preserving building features and the rural landscape?
Q3	How can literature findings help define models for sustainable retrofitting that enhance rural heritage and landscape?

, each linked to a key topic behind the hypotheses. Each of the following questions is directly derived from and intended to test the general and particular hypotheses outlined above, thus ensuring consistency between the theoretical framework and the analytical objectives of the review.

3. Materials and Methods

This study offers an updated analysis of key research on rural building rehabilitation, focusing on vernacular heritage within the agricultural landscape. To achieve this, a systematic literature review was carried out.

This section illustrates the methodological process used to select and categorize the publications included in the review. It introduces a structured classification of the most relevant research contributions, specifically those that—by content and focus—align most closely with the thematic and investigative framework defined in the previous sections. The goal is to provide a clear and replicable overview of how the literature was organized to support the objectives of the study.

In particular, as already undertaken in the previously cited review [10], a preliminary comparative analysis was conducted here on a sample of indexed publications concerning the rehabilitation of buildings in rural contexts, in order to verify the coherence and originality of the selected keywords. The initial screening showed a focus on technical aspects, with little attention to landscape and vernacular heritage. To address this gap, this review uses an integrated approach that combines protection principles with rehabilitation goals.

The structure of the review process was designed to ensure that each selected study could contribute to answering at least one of the three research questions, aligning the classification strategy with the study’s overarching goals.

Keyword Selection and PRISMA Method

Using research methods already validated by the scientific community and previously applied to similar topics [44,45,46], this study adopts a comparable approach. Specifically, it builds on earlier work examining the relationship between agricultural landscapes and renewable energy production [10]. Based on this, a preliminary operational protocol was developed to evaluate the selected research publications. The objective was to minimize any underlying biases and, at the same time, ensure didactic and transparent accuracy in the selection of texts.

Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [47], the authors selected keywords based on terms commonly used in similar reviews. This study aims to address a gap in existing research by linking rural farmhouse rehabilitation to landscape issues, often neglected in previous analyses. This approach aligns with the theoretical framework outlined in the Background section and with the study’s core hypothesis, which considers agricultural buildings as inseparably connected to the surrounding landscape and shaped by its specific influence.

In order to determine the keywords useful for the bibliographic selection, the process began with the identification of terms commonly employed in research concerning the rehabilitation of architectural structures: “Building rural” AND “Architecture rural” AND “Reuse” AND “Preservation” AND “Restoration” AND “Retrofitting” AND “Regeneration” AND “Recovery”, and subsequently extended the investigative domain with additional keywords: “Heritage” AND “Traditional” AND “Conservation” AND “Land” AND “Landscape”. This was carried out with the aim of proceeding consistently with the investigative orientation of interest, while also seeking to maximize possible coverage through the search engines employed for the selection.

Moreover, particular attention was devoted to the selection of studies that addressed the improvement of energy performance, the reduction in emissions, and the promotion of low-impact technologies, consistent with the principles of the green economy. This indeed informs the choice of keywords related to retrofitting, building regeneration, and recovery—design objectives that underpin this work of scientific systematization.

This preliminary exploration of the literature was not designed to be exhaustive, but to refine and validate the keyword set used in the subsequent systematic review, which was conducted following the PRISMA protocol.

The databases selected for the bibliographic search were, as in previous cases [10], Scopus and Web of Science, chosen for their proven reliability and for the extensive possibility they offer to verify indexing protocols that are recognized and validated by the global scientific community in every respect. The results obtained through the application of the aforementioned keywords are detailed in

Table 2. Database search build—© authors, 2025.

Database	Result	Search Matrix Type
Scopus	11,839	“Building AND rural” AND “Reuse” OR “Preservation” OR “Restoration” OR “Retrofitting” OR “Regeneration” OR “Recovery” OR “Heritage” OR “Traditional” OR “Conservation” OR “Land” OR “Landscape”. “Building AND rural” AND “Reuse” OR “Preservation” OR “Restoration” OR “Retrofitting” OR “Regeneration” OR “Recovery” OR “Heritage” OR “Traditional” OR “Conservation” OR “Land” OR “Landscape”.
Web of Science	25,666

below.

The breadth of the documentation that emerged during the initial phase, while highlighting the growing interest of the scientific community in the combination of the selected keywords, was initially reduced by including only studies published between 2014 and 2024. This phase was subsequently followed by a more complex multi-level refinement process, which involved the exclusion of articles based on specific selection criteria. It is important to clarify that by the term “multi-level approach,” the authors refer to the integration of knowledge and expertise from architectural, landscape, energy, and historical-cultural disciplines, as well as from civil and environmental engineering. This integration is considered essential to addressing retrofitting in a systemic way, simultaneously accounting for technological, typological, and identity-related aspects. The authors acknowledge that such an approach inevitably leads to the development of a complex and extensive textual framework, enriched by bibliographic references drawn from diverse and sometimes distant disciplinary fields. Multidisciplinarity is therefore regarded as a necessary condition for a sustainable and coherent rehabilitation of rural heritage.

To narrow the scope, the review excluded non-English publications and previous review papers, focusing only on experimental research in English. The authors are aware that the adoption of linguistic screening may have introduced a bias, excluding local authors and publications (as well as sources not indexed from the outset due to the search engines selected). However, a standard approach already tested and validated by the scientific community in analogous cases was preferred, in order to foster the potential replicability of the experiment.

Following these initial selection stages, further refinement of the outputs was carried out by eliminating duplicate texts between the two search engines. The dataset was further narrowed by excluding all studies referring to case studies other than residential use, that is, all those potentially linked to uses other than rural dwelling. This selection was based not only on location, but also on function, excluding buildings used for livestock or estate management. All structures lacking the architectural features of rural dwellings were therefore excluded.

This process, based on the direct reading of each document, led to a final selection of 115 studies from an initial dataset of 1711 publications, after removing duplicates and applying full-text screening. To ensure transparency and avoid bias, in line with PRISMA protocol requirements, each author independently analyzed the texts before validating the final dataset. From this refined corpus, a general classification was developed, organizing the selected studies into four thematic macro-groups, as summarized in

Table 3. Thematic groups of selected studies—© authors, 2025.

Code	Description of the Macro-Group	No. of Publications	Reference
MG A	Relationship between rural residential buildings and landscape.	16	[48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63]
MG B	Seismic adaptation and energy retrofitting of rural residential buildings.	35	[64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]
MG C	Materials and construction techniques of rural residential buildings.	18	[99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116]
MG D	Rural residential buildings and their compositional/typological/urban analysis.	46	[117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162]

. Next to each thematic area in Table 3, the references selected for the review are indicated. These references are further detailed and presented in

Table A1. Classification and characterization of literary elements analyzed for macro-group A—© authors, 2025.

Ref.	Approach	Method	Data	Indicator
[48]	Interpretation of data from qualitative interviews conducted with Irish architects and documentation on vernacular architecture.	The method used by the authors is based on qualitative interviews with a small group of Irish architects, focusing on discussions about rural architecture and the use of vernacular design.	Qualitative interviews with 12 architects specializing in rural housing design and urban planning documents. The interviews examined professionals’ perceptions of the use of vernacular architecture in planning policies.	Qualitative
[49]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of connectivity between settlements and the open landscape in the Czech Republic.	The method is based on spatial and statistical analyses using historical and current data. The authors analyzed communication networks in small villages evaluating connectivity between settlements and the open landscape.	Historical maps, aerial photographs, and communication network analysis, with comparisons across different periods to assess changes in connectivity and accessibility.	Quantitative
[50]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of vernacular limestone structures in the Koło Basin (Poland) to evaluate their potential as cultural and architectural heritage.	The method involved field surveys, photographic documentation, and mapping of limestone structures, integrated with interviews with the local population.	Collected from a census of over 2000 buildings in 165 villages, including details on geographic distribution, building materials, and construction techniques used in traditional structures.	Quantitative
[51]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of spatial elements between courtyards in historical villages in China.	The method was based on Dynamic Spatial Analysis (DSA) and Static Spatial Analysis (SSA), which examine the evolution of architecture over different historical periods and analyze the spatial and typological characteristics of buildings.	Surveys, interviews with residents, and analysis of diagrams and maps of Guanlu Village.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[52]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of transformations in the rural housing model and land use in the coastal region of Syria	The method used a comparative analysis of four villages, Bet Yashot, Hellet Ara, Helbako, and Almnaizlah, through a questionnaire distributed to 200 inhabitants.	Surveys of the four villages, with data obtained through questionnaires.	Qualitative
[53]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of ecological carrying capacity based on the identification and evaluation of limiting factors in village regions of the Loess Plateau, China.	The analysis method involves grid-based computational calculation and overlay of distribution maps to identify priority areas for development and spatial planning.	Derived from field surveys, direct observations in villages, and questionnaires regarding access to water resources, infrastructure, and arable land.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[54]	Interpretation of rural settlement landscapes from the perspective of landscape architecture, focusing on the integration of ecosystem services and local culture in China.	The method utilized multidisciplinary approaches, including ecological, urban, and geographical theories, to study the value and sustainable management of rural settlements.	Collected through field research, landscape maps, spatial analysis, and historical data on settlement evolution.	Quantitative
[55]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of the architectural characteristics and “environmental synchronization” of traditional Javanese houses (Indonesia), Joglo and Limasan.	The method was based on a comparative study of 90 vernacular houses through field observations, photographic surveys, and analysis of architectural characteristics related to climate and local social contexts.	Collected information on house dimensions, building materials, house orientation, and natural ventilation. The Joglo and Limasan houses were compared based on 10 sample areas.	Quantitative
[56]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of landscape characteristics and local energy requirements for the development of sustainable housing prototypes in Scotland.	The method was based on mixed research, including the conceptual design of self-sufficient and sustainable housing prototypes and the quantitative analysis of energy data.	Collected from field surveys in Scotland. Quantitative data on low-carbon energy generation, with analysis of housing energy performance and development costs in rural contexts.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[57]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the historical landscape and its optimization in villages along the Great Wall, China, using the “patch-corridor-matrix” model.	The method is based on the use of the “patch-corridor-matrix” model applied to the historical landscape, using tools such as ArcMap 10.2 and Fragstats 3.3 for the quantitative analysis of the landscape.	Includes environmental and historical information collected through field surveys and the analysis of maps and historical documents related to the Great Wall.	Quantitative
[58]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of rural settlements in China.	The method is based on ArcGIS 10.7, regression models, and landscape pattern indices to study the spatial distribution and evolution of rural settlements.	Collected from geomorphological maps, topographic data, socioeconomic statistics, and land use datasets.	Quantitative
[59]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of dispersed settlements in the mountainous areas of Slovakia.	The method was based on a combination of historical, geographical, and landscape surveys to assess the evolution of dispersed settlements from the 16th century to the present.	Collected from field surveys in 63 dispersed settlement units in the Kysuce region. This includes information on how topography influenced settlement layouts, and data on population migration from the area.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[60]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of natural, settlement, and cultural landscape heritage of traditional villages of the De’ang nationality, China.	The method was based on field surveys, interviews with local residents, and topographic surveys. GIS mapping tools were used to identify settlement patterns and assess the historical and cultural heritage of the buildings.	Collected through field surveys and interviews with residents in De’ang villages. The data includes the analysis of the distribution of traditional buildings, surrounding natural resources (forests, rivers), and local agricultural practices.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[61]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of landscape identity of rural settlements using a multi-scale approach and analysis of physical and social components. (Turkey’s Aegean Region).	The method used large-scale analysis combined with field surveys, morphological classification, and remote sensing technology to assess the interaction between settlement patterns and the surrounding environment.	Collected through field surveys, satellite imagery analysis, interviews with local residents, and official documentation, integrated with GIS analysis and topographic data from the region.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[62]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of sustainability and spatial characteristics of Linpan settlements, in China, using cultural landscape theory and GIS tools.	The method combines field research, GIS data, and morphological landscape analysis. Spatial analysis tools are used to examine the arrangement of settlements and their transformations over time.	Collected from satellite imagery, historical maps, statistical documents, and field surveys in the Juyuan Town region, including changes in spatial configurations of Linpan settlements between 2005 and 2018.	Quantitative
[63]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of spatial transformations and urban characteristics introduced into the rural landscape of Skawina, Poland.	The method adopted by the authors is based on historical map analysis, local urban planning, and field surveys.	Collected from field surveys, photographs, topographic maps, local urban plans and interviews with local residents, integrated with cartographic analysis of the rural and urban areas of the Skawina Municipality.	Qualitative and Quantitative

,

Table A2. Classification and characterization of literary elements analyzed for the macro-group B—© authors, 2025.

Ref.	Approach	Method	Data	Indicator
[64]	Interpretation of data from the analysis of rehabilitation techniques and the improvement of minor architectural heritage in Liguria, focusing on the redevelopment of the medieval village of Balestrino, Savona, Italy.	The authors used a method of data archiving and cataloging materials and construction techniques derived from on-site analysis. Recovery projects were also analyzed to integrate advanced energy solutions.	Historical and architectural data of medieval buildings in Balestrino, derived from geotechnical investigations, censuses, architectural surveys, and archival documents related to building materials and restoration techniques.	Quantitative
[65]	Interpretation of data derived from the comparative analysis between traditional buildings in rural and urban areas of the Pearl River Delta, China.	The authors used the “layered strategy” method to divide the analysis into four levels: infrastructure and public space, bearing structure and scale, façade and service core, and internal layout and function.	Historical data on traditional buildings, in situ surveys, mapping of infrastructures and architectural structures, and direct observations of selected case studies: Daqitou village and four urban cases	Quantitative
[66]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of energy-efficient design strategies for rural houses in cold climate regions of China, focusing on energy consumption reduction and climate adaptation.	The authors’ method is based on field analysis of rural houses in Longquan village, Heilongjiang province, integrating questionnaires to gather information about residents’ energy habits. A simulation model is used to compare the energy performance of different building configurations.	Collected through field surveys, photographs, and questionnaires distributed to local residents, integrated with cartographic analysis and simulation models. The data include information on energy consumption for heating and climatic conditions of the region.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[67]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the environmental impact of vernacular and contemporary building techniques using life cycle analysis (LCA). Case study in India.	The method used by the authors is based on a life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare two construction techniques: the traditional vernacular system with beams and rafters and the modern confined masonry system.	Collected during the construction of residential projects in a slum redevelopment project. LCA performed using Simapro software and the Ecoinvent database to assess material impact.	Quantitative:
[68]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the relationship between local architectural traditions and modern revitalization strategies for Gaotunzi Village, China.	Information was collected regarding spatial layout, use of traditional building materials, and the need for public space improvements.	Collected through field surveys, satellite images, analysis of existing structures, and interviews with local residents to understand the needs for conservation and heritage enhancement.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[69]	Interpretation of data derived from the literature review and analysis of vernacular building heritage as a component of sustainable development. Portugal.	The method adopted by the authors is based on a literature review and case study analysis concerning the rehabilitation of buildings in rural settlements.	Collected through case study analysis, secondary sources, and relevant documents on European and global policies for sustainability and building rehabilitation.	Quantitative
[70]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of energy sustainability and architectural heritage conservation in Xidi village, China.	The Designer’s Simulation Toolkit was used to simulate energy consumption and evaluate various design strategies aimed at improving energy efficiency while preserving the historical values of the buildings.	Collected through digital simulations, interviews with local residents, and analysis of traditional materials used in buildings to assess their effectiveness in managing indoor comfort and energy sustainability.	Qualitative and Quantitative.
[71]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the effectiveness of shading devices for energy saving in rural houses in Taiwan, China.	The energy consumption and thermal efficiency were simulated using DesignBuilder software to assess the impact of various external shading devices on residential buildings.	Collected from digital simulations and occupant behavior analysis to understand the influence of shading devices on energy consumption and indoor comfort.	Quantitative
[72]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of rural residents’ willingness to participate in energy retrofit projects based on logistic models in China.	The logistic-AHP-TOPSIS methods were used to evaluate the factors influencing residents’ participation in energy retrofit projects, through a survey of 208 households and statistical analysis of the collected data.	Collected through questionnaires distributed to 208 rural households in Gansu province and analysis of investment metrics, heating costs, and improvements in energy efficiency.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[73]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of Finnish vernacular construction techniques, focusing on the structure of log houses.	Sampling and observations focused on the log frame construction and heating techniques. Comparative analysis was performed between historical sources and case studies of traditional houses.	Collected from historical sources on vernacular architecture, visual documentation of traditional houses, and studies on the materials used, including insulation techniques.	Quantitative
[74]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of residents’ perceptions regarding the green retrofit of existing residential buildings in China.	Online questionnaires and statistical analysis with chi-square tests were used to assess the influence of demographic and housing characteristics on residents’ perceptions regarding green retrofitting.	Collected from 9936 questionnaires distributed to residents in various climatic regions of China, including data on housing characteristics and the demographics of the participants.	Qualitative
[75]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of energy retrofitting of rural dwellings in China during the heating period using energy simulation and multi-objective optimization.	Energy consumption simulation and multi-objective optimization were performed with Rhino–Grasshopper, using Ladybug and Honeybee to analyze the effectiveness of photovoltaic systems and insulation materials during winter heating.	Collected from numerical simulations of thermal performance in dwellings, including energy consumption and carbon emissions, with comparisons across different retrofit scenarios to identify the optimal solution.	Quantitative:
[76]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of passive energy retrofit and BAPV systems for rural buildings in cold regions in China.	Energy consumption simulation and evaluation of performance for insulating materials and photovoltaic systems were conducted using software to determine the improvement in energy efficiency for rural buildings.	Collected from simulations of energy performance in buildings, insulating material parameters, and PV system layouts for various retrofit configurations.	Quantitative
[77]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of passive design techniques in the subtropical regions of Pakistan.	A comparative study based on field visits and unstructured interviews with the local community to identify the effectiveness of passive design techniques in urban and rural housing across different climate zones.	Collected through direct observation, analysis of traditional and modern construction practices, and photographic documentation of housing in urban and rural contexts.	Quantitative
[78]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of thermal performance of building envelopes in ultra-low energy residential buildings in rural China.	Energy simulations using DeST 3.0 software were conducted to analyze heat transfer coefficients and assess the thermal performance of buildings in different climatic configurations.	Collected from energy simulations of rural building models and evaluations of building envelope thermal performance based on materials and thickness used.	Quantitative
[79]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of bioclimatic strategies and vernacular construction techniques in rural houses in northeastern Mendoza, Argentina.	Fifteen isolated rural buildings were analyzed using qualitative methods such as participatory observation and in-depth interviews. The study focused on the bioclimatic strategies used by the inhabitants to achieve thermal comfort.	Interviews with inhabitants regarding construction techniques, material use, and thermal behavior of buildings. Data on material properties like adobe and quincha (density and thermal conductivity) were collected.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[80]	Interpretation of data derived from Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) to evaluate variables that most influence the energy performance of buildings in China.	The global sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimization were performed using energy performance simulation models, including uncertain parameters such as infiltration, set-point temperature, and wall structure.	Collected from dynamic simulations based on three reference models of rural houses in Jiaxian, focusing on comfort and energy consumption variables.	Quantitative
[81]	Interpretation of data derived from the comparative analysis of sustainable and traditional construction techniques in the USA to evaluate environmental impact and return on investment.	A deterministic breakeven analysis and net present value were used to compare the costs of sustainable and traditional construction, integrated with simulations and assessments of renewable energy systems and thermal insulation effectiveness.	Collected from financial simulations, material cost analyses, PVS system performance data, and environmental evaluations of building components for sustainable residences.	Quantitative
[82]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of environmental sustainability and construction practices of masserie in Puglia, Italy.	The methodology included historical analysis and examination of land transformations. Different types of rural unit aggregation and orientation were studied to assess the influence of environmental factors.	Collected through the analysis of historical sources, field surveys, and documentation regarding the typological and construction characteristics of masserie.	Quantitative
[83]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of thermal performance in historic villages in Saudi Arabia, focusing on traditional construction techniques using local materials to improve energy efficiency.	The method was based on field surveys and monitoring of indoor and outdoor temperatures in the villages of Al Majmaah and Hirma. Thermal data were collected using data loggers in various areas of homes and urban spaces.	Includes detailed thermal measurements collected through sensors installed in various points of houses and streets in the villages. Measurements covered different times of the day and various strategic points to compare the thermal performance.	Quantitative
[84]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of passive retrofit techniques to improve energy efficiency and thermal comfort in rural homes in Hongcun, Cina.	The method was based on energy simulations conducted using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effect of retrofit on traditional residential buildings.	Collected through simulations with software such as EnergyPlus, field surveys, and energy consumption measurements before and after retrofit interventions in the Hongcun region.	Quantitative
[85]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of construction techniques and damage evaluation of traditional Kula houses, Turkey.	The method was based on case studies and analysis of structural damage to timber-framed houses, with field surveys and comparative studies.	Collected through direct surveys in 10 houses in the Akgün district, photographic documentation, and measurements of structural characteristics and damage.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[86]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of internal thermal conditions and optimization of design parameters to improve energy efficiency in rural residences in China.	Numerical simulations with TRNSYS software were used to optimize design parameters for rural houses. Orthogonal analysis was conducted.	Collected through field surveys in 102 rural residences and numerical simulations to evaluate thermal performance and energy consumption of traditional and optimized structures.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[87]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of cultural sustainability in Jiangnan Traditional Villages, China.	The authors used a combination of Dynamic Spatial Analysis (DSA) and Static Spatial Analysis (SSA). DSA evaluates the spatial evolution of architecture over time, considering social, cultural, and technological influences.	Data were collected from field surveys, historical documents, and modern big-data analysis of spatial forms and construction activities in Jiangnan villages.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[88]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of rural settlements in Turkey, focusing on the application of ecological approaches to vernacular architecture and construction techniques that minimize environmental impact.	The method was based on field surveys, traditional house surveys, and data collection on ecological construction materials used. Structures were analyzed based on their energy efficiency and integration with the surrounding environment.	Collected from rural houses across various regions of Turkey. Measurements include house sizes, solar orientation, and building material composition.	Quantitative
[89]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of sustainability characteristics of traditional houses in Şirince, Turkey, and the impact of tourism and modern construction practices.	The method was based on an analysis of the construction characteristics of traditional houses and environmental assessments to propose interventions that improve sustainability.	Collected through field observations, previous studies, and interviews with local residents, as well as analysis of construction techniques and materials used.	Quantitative
[90]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of rural village participation in green housing construction in China. The study uses a theoretical model based on Bourdieu’s practice theory to examine the factors influencing rural village participation.	Methodology based on a questionnaire survey conducted in three cities in Jiangsu province, China. Data analysis was performed using descriptive analysis, variance analysis, and multivariate logistic regression to identify factors influencing village participation in green housing construction.	In total, there were 400 valid responses to the proposed survey, with demographic variables (gender, age, income, education level) and variables related to participation and environmental awareness. Variables were measured on a 5-point Likert scale.	Qualitative
[91]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the energy performance of rural dwellings in the USA using a hierarchical clustering algorithm and climate normalization methods.	Quantitative method based on the use of a hierarchical clustering algorithm to classify dwellings based on energy consumption data and climate normalization through meteorological data.	Energy consumption data measured over a six-year period (2014-2019), integrated with information on building size and age provided by the Davis County, Iowa assessment datasets.	Quantitative
[92]	Interpretation of data derived from the architectural and structural analysis of rural villages in Iran undergoing development and housing infrastructure improvement interventions.	Analytical study of specialized texts to define theoretical principles, followed by field studies with surveys. Results were analyzed to propose guidelines for improving intervention models in rural development plans.	Statistical data on rural development (Housing Foundation and Central Statistical Office data), cartographic analysis, and interviews with residents.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[93]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the microclimatic characteristics and spatial configuration of Tangli village, China, using microclimate simulations.	The method is based on using ENVI-met simulation software to model microclimatic variables such as air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and relative humidity.	Collected from GeoEye-1 satellite images, field surveys, wind speed and air temperature measurements, and meteorological data from the Xishan Island station.	Quantitative
[94]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of renovation and retrofitting techniques of traditional Berber houses in Setif, Algeria, using a field-based empirical study.	The method is based on an empirical study conducted through field surveys and analysis of changes made to Berber houses. The approach includes the analysis of traditional and modern construction techniques.	Collected through field surveys, photographic documentation, historical studies, and interviews with local artisans in the Setif region.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[95]	Interpretation of data derived from the comparative analysis of architectural and environmental changes in Dai villages, China, following the introduction of new materials and technologies.	The method used comparative studies between Dai houses from the 1990s and the villages studied in 2017. Field surveys and studies of technologies introduced in recent decades were conducted.	Collected through field surveys in two Dai villages in southwest China. The data include house types, the use of traditional materials versus new materials and their impact on structural safety in seismic areas.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[96]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of thermal performance and modernization of traditional bondruk houses in Serbia.	The method employed field surveys and thermal simulations to evaluate the energy performance of traditional houses. Simulations were based on normative models, and the impacts of structural changes.	Collected through field measurements and structural analysis of traditional houses. Information includes the types of building materials used, house layouts, and orientation relative to the local climate.	Quantitative
[97]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of thermal performance in traditional dwellings in the southwestern Mediterranean region of Turkey.	The method adopted by the authors includes thermal measurements on-site for temperature and relative humidity, laboratory analysis of traditional building materials and transient thermal simulations using DesignBuilder software.	Collected through field measurements in two traditional dwellings (one urban and one rural) in the Mugla region, including climate parameters, thermo-physical properties of building materials, and energy simulations to assess retrofit efficiency.	Quantitative
[98]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the architectural characteristics of Yayla rural settlements, Turkey.	The method used field studies, direct observations, and analysis of traditional building materials. Construction techniques and local materials were analyzed based on socio-cultural and climatic conditions.	Collected from field surveys in Yayla settlements. The data include the altitude of the settlements, the use of local materials and architectural solutions such as sloping roofs and thick walls for thermal control.	Quantitative

and

Table A3. Classification and characterization of literary elements analyzed for the macro-group C—© authors, 2025.

Ref.	Approach	Method	Data	Indicator
[99]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the vernacular architecture of the Flegrean masserie, Italy, with particular attention to their historical evolution and construction techniques.	The method adopted by the authors is based on a historical and typological analysis of the Flegrean masserie, with a field survey supported by bibliographic and archival sources	Collected from the study of Masseria San Lorenzo and other masserie examples in the Flegrean region, including assessments on the state of conservation and construction techniques.	Quantitative
[100]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of construction techniques and the use of materials in rural houses in İzmir, Turkey.	The method is based on a field analysis of existing houses, divided into intact, damaged, and collapsed houses.	Collected from field surveys in 27 villages, documentation of traditional construction techniques, and evaluation of geological conditions and local materials.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[101]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of architectural materials and construction techniques of vernacular houses in the villages of Saraylı, Örcün, and Selimiye, Turkey.	The method adopted by the authors is based on the collection of building material samples, including mud mortars, plasters, and adobe bricks, from five traditional houses in the villages of Saraylı, Örcün, and Selimiye.	Included samples of earth bricks, mud plasters, and mortars taken from selected houses in the villages of Saraylı, Örcün, and Selimiye. The compositions, particle sizes, and properties of the materials were analyzed,	Quantitative:
[102]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the rock architecture of Kandovan, Iran.	Bibliographic research was used to gather historical and theoretical information on traditional architectural practices and climatic conditions in Kandovan.	Field observations of structures, orientation, wall thickness, internal space organization, historical documents on construction traditions, climatic studies.	Quantitative
[103]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of traditional construction techniques and transformations in rural villages of Togo.	The method used field observations and morphological analysis to evaluate the impact of imported building materials on traditional dwellings, comparing new construction techniques with local earthen methods.	Collected through direct surveys, metrics of existing buildings, and interviews with local communities regarding traditional and modern construction techniques.	Qualitative and Quantitative.
[104]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of vernacular architectural characteristics and construction techniques in the Traras Mountains, Algeria.	The authors used an architectural survey and field studies combined with interviews with the local community to document the spatial and functional organization of vernacular dwellings and materials used in construction.	Collected through direct observation, technical drawings, photographs, and interviews with local residents to analyze the structural characteristics and materials of traditional dwellings.	Quantitative
[105]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of traditional architecture and its role in the reconstruction of rural areas in Syria.	The authors used a comparative analysis of traditional construction techniques and sustainable development strategies, integrated with field observations and case studies related to the regeneration of local communities.	Collected through direct observations, photographic documentation, and interviews with rural community members to understand the effectiveness of vernacular construction practices.	Qualitative and Quantitative
[106]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of the spatial evolution of traditional dwellings in Heilongjiang villages, China, based on field surveys and chronological mapping.	Methods based on field surveys, questionnaires, mapping of traditional dwellings, and conversations with local inhabitants to document transformations in materials and spatial arrangements of dwellings from 1950 to 1990.	Collected from direct observations, photographic documentation, field measurements, and historical data concerning the construction features of dwellings in Heilongjiang villages.	Quantitative
[107]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of vernacular architectural characteristics and landscape integration of Pino Pizzigoni’s stone houses in Bergamo, Italy.	The authors used a historical analysis of sources, with a detailed study of topography and solar orientation to determine the optimal arrangement of apartments.	Collected through historical documentation, period photographs, original design drawings, and government reports related to the context of the dwellings and their construction during the post-war period.	Quantitative
[108]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of construction techniques and materials of traditional houses in the Zeta region, Montenegro, with a focus on sustainability and climate adaptation.	Methods based on field surveys, direct observations, and interviews with local residents to gather data on architectural characteristics and construction practices of traditional dwellings, integrated with the historical analysis of the region.	Collected from field observations, photographic documentation, interviews with local builders and residents, and analysis of materials used in the construction of houses in the Zeta region.	Quantitative
[109]	Interpretation of data derived from the quantitative analysis of the wall textures of traditional stone buildings in the Xisuo village, China, with a focus on regularity and structural characteristics.	The authors used a quantitative analysis based on image processing technologies. Sampling and field measurements were conducted on 12 stone buildings in the village, and wall samples were analyzed using geometric models.	Digital images and geometric models of the sampled walls obtained from surveys and field measurements. In total, 233 numbered stone samples in the walls were used to calculate shape factors, size, horizontal and vertical arrangement of stones.	Quantitative
[110]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of vernacular construction techniques of the cantilevered wooden dome in traditional homes in Eastern Anatolia, particularly the “swallow-dome” roofing.	The method was based on field surveys conducted on 18 houses in the village of Gümüşdamla, Bayburt, examining floor plans, kitchen structures, and dome construction techniques. Detailed surveys, drawings, and measurements were used.	Collected through direct surveys of 18 traditional houses in the village of Gümüşdamla, analysis of roof structures, and photographic documentation of internal and external architectural elements.	Quantitative
[111]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of architectural characteristics of adobe houses to support their conservation and rehabilitation. Eastern Croatia Case Study.	Methods based on field surveys and laboratory tests to assess the physical and mechanical properties of the earth used in constructing the walls, including analysis of granulometry and material density.	Collected through the analysis of 22 traditional adobe houses in the Slavonia and Baranja area. Samples of adobe wall material, physical properties of the soil, granulometric analysis, material density, and mechanical properties of the walls.	Quantitative
[112]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of architectural and construction characteristics of traditional houses in Bucakalan, Turkey.	The method used by the authors includes field documentation and direct observation of architectural characteristics.	Direct observations of traditional houses, recordings of construction characteristics (materials, techniques), details on the spatial and functional organization of domestic environments.	Quantitative
[113]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of construction practices and architectural modifications in traditional houses in Çomakdağ, Turkey.	The method is based on three field surveys conducted in 2015, with interviews with local residents and detailed surveys of 34 houses. The analysis explored the modifications made to adapt the houses to modern needs.	Includes surveys of stone wall structures, measurements of traditional houses, and interviews with 37 residents. Data were collected on the types of buildings and the modifications made to the houses.	Quantitative
[114]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of architectural types of traditional stone houses in the Bay of Kotor, Serbia, and the evaluation of influences from modern urbanization.	The method is based on field surveys and a literature review to gather data on houses built with unreinforced stone walls and traditional construction techniques from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.	Collected data include historical information from Kotor decrees of the 14th and 15th centuries, measurements of stone houses such as wall thickness and the internal arrangement of dwellings, as well as construction materials like locally quarried limestone.	Quantitative
[115]	Interpretation of data derived from the analysis of energy performance in historic buildings using a thermoplastic plaster system made from spent coffee grounds. Case Study in Madonie Park in Sicily, Italy.	The method is based on virtual energy simulations (EnergyPlus) and 3D modeling of traditional buildings, comparing the thermal performance of coffee grounds-based plaster with traditional lime-based plaster.	Collected through field surveys, thermal measurements, and analysis of SCG-based materials through standards integrated with software simulations of internal and external temperature conditions.	Quantitative
[116]	Interpretation of data derived from the comparative analysis of architectural transformations of Khasi tribal houses (Bangladesh).	The method used field surveys, interviews with residents, and the analysis of satellite images to trace changes in settlement layout and housing types over the past 20 years.	Collected through field surveys, satellite images, and tourist photographs of Khasi villages in Jaflong, Sylhet.	Qualitative and Quantitative

in the Appendix A.1, where the full list of sources analyzed in each macro-group is provided.

The methodological steps that guided the entire selection process are based on the PRISMA protocol and build upon approaches previously validated by the scientific community. These steps were refined to suit the specific objectives of this study. The complete process is clearly illustrated in the flow diagram presented in Figure 1, which reflects the PRISMA methodology. A more detailed description of each step undertaken during the review process can be found in the Supplementary File “Systematic review process”. Additionally, the checklist of all PRISMA items, indicating each aspect addressed in the literature review, is provided in the Supplementary Materials (PRISMA_2020_checklist).

The analysis reveals a multidisciplinary framework, combining energy retrofitting, environmental assessment, seismic adaptation, and morpho-typological analysis. This highlights the need for design models that integrate conservation, adaptation, and sustainability. Energy retrofitting emerges as a key strategy for enhancing rural heritage and agricultural landscapes. However, retrofitting should not be seen as a purely technical solution. It must result from a critical design process that respects the typological, material, and landscape features of rural buildings. These considerations, which apply across all thematic areas, are explored further in the discussion. The authors acknowledge that case studies focusing exclusively on energy retrofitting represent only a small part of the literature. This reflects the diversity of the field, where energy topics often intersect with heritage preservation, structural adaptation, and landscape management. This broad scope is intentional: the inclusion of varied keywords allowed the review to address a gap in the literature, where eco-efficiency is rarely examined together with landscape and typological aspects. Without this approach, the study would have simply replicated previous reviews. Instead, the aim was to offer an original perspective by combining energy retrofitting, conservation, and landscape enhancement. These interconnected themes are essential to support sustainable development in rural contexts, where energy, heritage, and territorial identity must be balanced.

4. Results and Discussion

The screening process reduced 1711 initial records to 115 eligible studies, underscoring the broad, multidisciplinary interest in rehabilitating and energy-retrofitting traditional rural buildings.

Although this interest originates in the fields of architecture and construction technology, it often extends to broader areas, including landscape dynamics, settlement typologies, and, in some cases, social and cultural factors that influence design decisions. As these contributions show, energy retrofitting is not just a technical necessity, but a strategic opportunity to support global sustainability goals and the principles of the green economy, promoting the ecological transition in rural areas.

The selected data are analyzed across key thematic areas—ranging from the relationship between buildings and landscape to construction techniques, structural upgrading, and eco-efficient retrofitting. The aim is to provide a systematic overview of current knowledge and operational practices aligned with sustainability principles and the preservation of rural built heritage.

The design models identified through the reviewed literature not only help preserve cultural and landscape values but also contribute concretely to the energy transition. Their effectiveness lies in the ability to reduce both energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. These outcomes are fully aligned with the green economy goals emphasized throughout this study. The organization of results across thematic areas allows each research question to be addressed systematically, supporting a critical analysis of the literature in line with the study’s objectives.

4.1. Geographical Distribution of Selected Studies

Most of the 115 studies on rural building rehabilitation included in the final selection come from China. Nevertheless, as indicated more clearly in

Table 4. Nationality of the authors of the 115 texts examined on first level of screening—© authors, 2025.

Authors’ Nationality	No. of Studies	%
China	45	39.13
Turkey	17	14.78
Italy	10	8.69
Serbia	4	3.47
India, Iran, Poland, UK	3	2.60
Algeria, Czech Republic, Indonesia, Japan, Portugal, Spain, USA	2	1.73
Argentina, Bangladesh, Croatia, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Pakistan, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, Syria	1	0.86

, studies from Turkey and Italy also constitute a significant proportion of the total relevant studies on the topic. This result is consistent with similar studies [10,44,163], but also raises issues that deserve further analysis to better interpret the data. These issues pertain to the political sphere in China with regard to the paradigm of the rural landscape and the use of the vernacular architecture that populates its agricultural context.

It is therefore not surprising that many studies from Chinese authors address the themes identified in this review, as shown in

Table 5. Authors’ nationality—macro-group A—© authors, 2025.

Authors’ Nationality	No. of Studies	%
Chinese	7	43.75
Polish	2	12.5
Czech, Hungarian, Indonesian, Irish, Slovak, Turkish, British	1	6.25

,

Table 6. Authors’ nationality—macro-group B—© authors, 2025.

Authors’ Nationality	No. of Studies	%
Chinese	16	47.05
Turkish	4	11.76
Italian, American	2	5.88
Algerian, Argentine, Egyptian, Finnish, Indian, Iranian, Pakistani, Portuguese, Serbian, British	1	2.94

,

Table 7. Authors’ nationality—macro-group C—© authors, 2025.

Authors’ Nationality	No. of Studies	%
Turkish	5	27.77
Italian	3	16.66
Chinese, Serbian	2	11.11
Algerian, Bangladeshi, Croatian, Iranian, Spanish, Syrian	1	5.55

and

Table 8. Authors’ nationality—macro-group D—© authors, 2025.

Authors’ Nationality	No. of Studies	%
Chinese	20	42.55
Turkish	7	14.89
Italian	5	10.63
Indian, Japanese	2	4.25
Czech, Ecuadorian, Indonesian, Iranian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, South Korean, Spanish, British	1	2.12

. In recent decades, the concept of landscape in China has evolved from a technical discipline, focused on resource management and forestry, to a broader approach that includes cultural heritage and ecological resilience [10,44,163]. This shift, supported by scholars such as Kongjian Yu [164], has encouraged the integration of landscape design with environmental management and urban planning [165,166]. The renewed interest in traditional landscape culture, including concepts like “shan-shui” and feng shui [167], further explains the strong focus of Chinese research on the relationship between rural heritage and landscape enhancement. These reflections, although connected to the Chinese context, help highlight the global relevance of the themes investigated in this study.

In this context, energy retrofitting is increasingly interpreted not as a mere technological application, but as an integral part of an overall framework that combines efficiency, sustainability, and the safeguarding of vernacular heritage. This confirms the need, also highlighted by the present research, to identify design strategies capable of integrating energy upgrading practices while respecting the original morphology of agricultural architecture and the cultural landscape of reference.

This is further confirmed by another finding: the interest expressed by authors from various countries over the past decade highlights the scientific community’s growing focus on the themes addressed in macro-groups A and D. This trend is illustrated in Figure 2 below.

This confirms how issues related to the retrofitting of rural buildings, both from a structural and an energy perspective, find a point of convergence in the balanced attention devoted to both upgrading practices and morpho-typological aspects. These findings align with the theoretical framework of the study, which emphasizes the need for rehabilitation strategies that upgrade existing buildings while respecting the morphological features of agricultural architecture.

4.2. Occurrence and Recurrence of Research Themes

The keyword co-occurrence maps generated with VOSviewer 1.6.20 for macOS—based on separate datasets from Scopus (Figure 3) and Web of Science (Figure 4)—provide a detailed overview of the main thematic trends in international literature on rural architecture rehabilitation and retrofitting.

In the Scopus map, key terms such as “Vernacular Architecture” and “Sustainable Development” are central, along with frequent mentions of “Climate Change” and “Conservation”. This reflects growing interest in upgrading building stock to address environmental challenges while protecting landscapes and local identities. A similar pattern appears in the Web of Science map, where clusters focus on “Cultural Heritage”, “Sustainable Development”, and references to “Climate Change”.

This underscores, once again, how the theme of sustainability and that of environmental resilience are closely connected to issues of conservation and enhancement of cultural heritage.

The analysis of the keywords emerging from the systematization of the 115 selected studies offers a representative overview of the main thematic directions that characterize the scientific literature on the rehabilitation and retrofitting of rural architecture.

Table 9. Occurrence of keywords in the 115 selected texts—© authors, 2025.

Keyword	Occurrences	%
Vernacular architecture	10	1.70
Sustainability	9	1.53
Traditional village	8	1.36
Rural housing	7	1.19
Rural Architecture, Rural Settlement, Rural Settlements, Village	6	1.02
Rural landscape, Spatial pattern	5	0.85
China, Cultural Heritage, Rural House, Rural Landscape, Sustainable Architecture, Traditional Settlement, Vernacular	4	0.68
Architectural Heritage, Conservation, Heritage Protection, Influencing Factors, Landscape, Preservation, Sustainable Development, Traditional Architecture, Traditional Villages, Turkey, Valorisation	3	0.51
Counter-Urbanization, Cultural Landscape, Daily Life, Energy Consumption, Housing, Landscape Architecture, Morphological Characteristics, Passive Design, Regeneration, Rural, Rural Development, Rural Houses, Rural Social Life, Space Gene, Spatial Morphology, Sustainable Design Principles, Timber, Traditional House, Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Rural Houses, Urbanization, User Interventions, Vernacular Construction, Vernacular House, Vernacular Houses, Architecture, Landscape Character, Shape Grammar	2	0.34
Other 405 keywords	1	0.17

shows frequent terms such as “Vernacular Architecture” (10), “Sustainability” (9), “Traditional Village” (8), and “Rural Housing” (7). This confirms broad interest in connecting historic buildings and sustainability, especially in settlements where traditional architecture is significant, as noted in Section 4.1. The terms listed in Table 9 are derived from the keywords and abstracts of the publications retrieved through the Scopus and Web of Science databases, based on the search strategy described in Section 3, and were extracted as part of the metadata analysis during the systematic review process.

The recurrence of these terms across different thematic clusters—clearly illustrated in the alluvial diagram in Figure 5—further demonstrates how the keywords extracted from the selected studies are not confined to isolated domains, but rather intersect across multiple macro-areas. This overlap confirms the inherently multidisciplinary nature of retrofitting practices and the broad spectrum of interrelated aspects that characterize interventions on rural architecture.

Similarly, the frequent occurrence of terms like “Rural Architecture,” “Rural Settlement,” and “Village” (six each) confirms the central role of the territorial context and landscape in guiding sustainable rehabilitation.

It is important to highlight that terms like “Rural Landscape” and “Spatial Pattern” (five occurrences each), along with “Cultural Heritage”,” Sustainable Architecture”, “Traditional Settlement”, and “Vernacular” (four occurrences each), clearly reflect the connection between vernacular heritage and the cultural landscape. Their presence highlights the need for design strategies that protect local identity without changing original forms. In contrast, the lower frequency of energy-related terms like “Passive Design”, “Energy Consumption”, and “Sustainable Design Principles” (2) suggests that energy retrofitting is still less developed and needs more research and practical focus. This confirms the timeliness and relevance of the present review, which precisely seeks to fill this critical gap, placing at the center of reflection the need for eco-conscious upgrading practices that respect cultural and landscape heritage.

These findings are further supported by the alluvial diagram in Figure 6, which clearly shows the connections between the thematic macro-categories of the selected literature and the most frequent keywords. The diagram visually highlights the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the scientific debate surrounding the rehabilitation of rural architecture.

The distribution of terms clearly shows how concepts related to vernacular heritage, sustainability, and landscape appear across multiple areas of investigation. This confirms the core idea of the review: energy retrofitting must be closely connected to preserving the form and cultural identity of rural buildings and their landscapes, given the unique value of rural architecture worldwide.

4.3. Retrofitting Practices in Vernacular Rural Buildings

The reflections discussed above are further supported by the diagram in Figure 7, which effectively visualizes the connections between the thematic macro-groups identified in the literature and their development over time. Its main value lies in offering a clear and immediate representation of how these themes have evolved within the scientific discourse.

The analysis clearly shows that the most significant contributions focus on structural and seismic retrofitting (macro-group B) and on typological, compositional, and settlement analysis (macro-group D). This confirms a broad interest in upgrading rural buildings through strategies that combine safety, durability, and performance improvements with respect for the original architectural forms and the continuity of the agricultural landscape. The diagram highlights how these themes have become consolidated in recent years, reflecting the need for design strategies that can combine conservation, efficiency, and landscape compatibility within retrofitting interventions.

It is worth noting that the case studies most frequently associated with the themes of macro-group B are fairly evenly divided between energy retrofitting strategies (51.35%) and analyses of passive efficiency measures commonly applied to historic and vernacular buildings (43.24%). This distribution is more clearly illustrated in Figure 7 below.

In fact, only 5.41% of the texts within this category address static upgrading and structural consolidation of these structures.

This figure highlights two main points: historic buildings naturally support thermal comfort and indoor quality due to the thermal inertia of stone walls; and there is growing interest in adapting rural heritage to new uses through eco-efficient strategies. The analysis of selected case studies [64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98] shows that energy retrofitting of traditional rural buildings is highly complex, with varied approaches shaped by geographic, climatic, and cultural differences. In particular, climate strongly influences the strategies used, as environmental conditions affect both needs and retrofit solutions.

It is no coincidence that the majority of the analyzed case studies are located in geographical areas characterized by particularly arid climates, as shown in Figure 8 below.

This reflects both the natural thermal and hygrometric comfort of historic rural buildings, due to the thermal inertia of their thick stone walls, and the general interest in reusing these structures with eco-efficient solutions. The analysis of case studies [64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98] confirms that energy retrofitting in rural buildings is highly complex, with varied methods depending on geographic, climatic, and cultural factors. Climate, in particular, shapes retrofit strategies, as different environments require specific solutions. Many of the analyzed projects are located in arid areas, as shown in Figure 8. The high thermal inertia of stone walls also supports passive insulation, helping to delay heat transfer and improving comfort through low-cost solutions.

It must be noted—an aspect that should not be overlooked—that preserving the masonry mass not only guarantees thermal resistance but also helps maintain the aesthetic qualities of the structure, its formal integrity, and its continuity within the surrounding landscape.

In many cases, like Balestrino [64] and Gaotunzi Village [68], the design focuses on preserving the historic character of rural buildings by combining original forms with energy-efficient solutions. Traditional materials and techniques are often used, along with innovative elements to improve indoor comfort without altering the building’s identity, while enhancing its natural thermal resistance. A clear difference emerges between active and passive strategies. In several projects, especially in China [66,70,75,76,78,81,84,86], retrofitting emphasizes energy efficiency through insulation (EPS, XPS, rock wool), window replacement, and the use of photovoltaic or solar thermal systems.

However, these active interventions—such as photovoltaic panels, ventilation chimneys, or solar collectors—introduce technological elements with their own architectural expression. While they aim to improve performance, they often alter the original morphology of the building and visually affect the overall character of the agricultural landscape, even forming a distinct language of sustainable architecture [168].

Where passive strategies are preferred, as in Argentina [79], Pakistan [77], Turkey [83,85,88,89,98], and parts of Europe (Portugal [69], Puglia [82], Finland [73], Serbia [96]), there is greater respect for vernacular heritage and landscape identity. These solutions focus on orientation, natural ventilation, solar shading, and using the thermal mass of existing walls. Such measures are often hidden within the building’s structure and preserve both its historic appearance and the surrounding landscape. Passive strategies therefore support rural landscape preservation and continuity with cultural heritage.

Projects using passive solutions show that it is possible to improve comfort and energy performance while respecting traditional architecture and environmental sustainability, without introducing incompatible design elements. In contrast, using unsuitable materials and techniques, as seen in Setif, Algeria [94], and in Dai dwellings in China [95], has harmed both building authenticity and the surrounding landscape.

Finally, several studies [72,74,90,92] underline the importance of involving local communities, as retrofitting success depends on the cultural and social acceptance of the adopted solutions. Projects that overlook these aspects are more likely to face problems or failure.

The limited number of case studies focusing on energy retrofitting confirms the difficulty of integrating energy, landscape, and typological considerations in current research. This study, despite its limitations, aims to address this gap and offer an innovative perspective for rural heritage rehabilitation.

From the arguments briefly outlined in the partial discussion of the texts considered most relevant to the theme of this paper, additional noteworthy findings emerge—at least in the view of the present authors.

The spider diagrams in Figure 9 help analyze how the literature addresses structural and energy retrofitting in rural buildings. The data show that structural consolidation is applied inconsistently, varying according to each case’s specific conditions.

This reflects the varied structural conditions of buildings, which require case-specific solutions rather than standard protocols. In contrast, improving energy performance through passive strategies is more common and consistent across different regions and contexts. The diagrams show that these strategies—aimed at improving thermal and hygrometric performance through traditional insulation methods, enhanced masonry mass, and ventilation or solar protection solutions—are now well-established in the literature on rural architecture retrofitting. This finding confirms the greater compatibility of passive strategies with the objectives of preserving the original morphology and the landscape identity of historic buildings, in line with the theoretical framework and objectives of the present research.

For all the reasons discussed above, the analysis of the literature suggests that energy retrofitting strategies that truly respect vernacular heritage are those that achieve a balanced integration of innovation and continuity. These approaches often rely on passive strategies, which are easier to incorporate into the original building morphology and the surrounding rural landscape.

This approach ensures long-term environmental and cultural sustainability, aiming to appropriately reintegrate the building stock into the principles of the Green Economy. At the same time, it avoids compromising the overall understanding of a clearly defined, identity-rich landscape—such as the agricultural one—in which vernacular architecture plays a direct role [169].

4.4. Energy Retrofitting of Rural Farmhouses: Balancing Efficiency and Heritage Conservation

Based on the experiences and case studies previously outlined, there is clear evidence of the widespread use of passive strategies in energy retrofitting interventions applied to historic rural dwellings, as illustrated in Figure 10 below.

Focusing again on the experiences classified under macro-group B, and in particular on those related to energy retrofitting, it is possible to conduct a broader analysis of the design strategies, techniques, and applications used to achieve eco-efficiency objectives within historic structures typical of the agricultural context.

Along with passive strategies, 23.53% of the case studies include renewable energy systems. This shows that, while passive solutions are typical and well-integrated in vernacular architecture, energy production is often necessary to meet performance standards. These practices are summarized in

Table 10. Retrofit strategies and methods in case studies—© authors, 2025.

Ref.	Prevailing Theme			Climate				Assessment Methodology		Simulation Tool	Retrofit Measures
	Seismic Adaptation	Retrofit	Historical Passive Strategies	A	B	C	D	MC	OPT		Passive/Active/Renewable
[64]						√		√		Absent	P1 P2 P3		R3
[65]	√	√				√		√		Absent	P1 P2 P5
[66]			√				√	√		Absent	P1 P2 P5
[67]		√				√		√		Simapro	P1 P2 P5		R3
[68]		√					√	√		Absent	P1 P2 P5
[69]		√				√		√		Absent	P1		R3 R4
[70]			√			√		√		Dest—Designer’s Simulation Toolkit	P2 P5	A2
[71]		√				√		√		Designbuilder	P5
[72]			√				√	√		Equest 3.65	P1 P2 P3 P5
[73]		√					√	√		Absent	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5		R1
[74]			√	√	√	√	√	√		Absent	P1 P2 P4 P5	A3	R3 R4
[75]		√					√		√	Energyplus	P1 P2 P5		R3
[76]		√					√		√	Energyplus—Pvsyst (V7.2.3)	P1 P2 P4 P5	A1	R3
[77]		√				√		√		Absent	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
[78]			√				√	√		Dest-H (Dest 3.0)	P1 P2 P3 P45		R3
[79]		√			√			√		Givoni–Milne Bioclimatic Chart	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
[80]			√			√		√		Designbuilder V7—Energyplus	P1 P2 P4 P5
[81]		√			√			√		Simulation Tool Per Rwh	P1 P5	A2 A3	R2 R3
[82]		√			√			√		Absent	P1 P2 P4 P5
[83]			√		√			√		Absent	P1 P2
[84]			√			√		√		Energyplus	P1 P2 P5
[85]		√			√			√		Absent	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
[86]			√			√			√	Trnsys	P1 P2 P3
[87]			√			√		√		Absent	P1 P2 P4
[88]			√			√		√		Absent	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
[89]			√			√		√		Absent	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
[90]			√			√		√		Absent	P1		R3 R4 R5
[91]		√					√	√		Tsclust In R		A3	R3
[92]		√				√	√	√		Absent	P1 P2
[93]	√	√				√		√		Envi-Met	P1 P4
[94]			√			√		√		Absent	P1 P2 P4 P5
[95]		√		√				√		Absent	P1 P2 P4
[96]			√			√		√		Absent	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
[97]		√				√		√		Designbuilder V5.4.0.21	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5	A2	R2 R3
[98]		√				√	√	√		Absent	P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

, which presents the main strategies identified in the reviewed studies. The table presents a structured overview of the approaches adopted in the selected case studies. It classifies the interventions by climate zone (A: equatorial; B: arid; C: temperate; D: snow). It also indicates the assessment methods applied, including multi-criteria analysis (MC) and optimization techniques (OPT), as well as the simulation tools used. The table lists the main retrofit measures: passive strategies applied to walls, roofs, floors, airtightness, and glazing; active systems for lighting, heating, and cooling; and renewable energy solutions such as photovoltaic panels, solar collectors, geothermal systems, and wind turbines.

The purpose of the table above is to highlight the prevailing practices that could contribute to the development of a widely shared operational method, following the scientific approach recently adopted by Ibrahim et al. [170].

The analyzed studies mainly focus on building envelope interventions, especially on perimeter walls (P1), roofs (P2), and windows and doors (P5), highlighting their key role in energy upgrading and in preserving morphological features. In terms of evaluation methods, both multi-criteria approaches (MC) and optimization techniques (OPT) are used, confirming the complexity of design goals—which, particularly in rural and agricultural contexts, must balance energy performance, heritage compatibility, and economic sustainability [171].

The simulation software used varies significantly. Well-established tools such as EnergyPlus, DesignBuilder, and eQUEST are among the most frequently adopted, while more specialized programs (e.g., SimaPro, ENVI-met) appear only in specific cases focused on environmental or microclimatic aspects. Active retrofit measures and the integration of renewable energy sources (e.g., R3—photovoltaic systems, R4—solar collectors) are less common. These solutions are often absent or applied selectively, likely due to the need to preserve landscape values and the historical character of the buildings involved.

In summary, the table shows a varied set of retrofit strategies adapted to different climates and building types. Landscape and heritage compatibility guide the choice of technical solutions. The table provides a useful inventory of approaches that balance eco-efficiency with the preservation of building form. It is clear that nearly all selected case studies prioritize building envelope interventions—especially on perimeter walls (P1), roofs (P2), and windows and doors (P5)—as these elements offer the greatest potential for improving energy performance without affecting the architectural or landscape character.

These solutions reflect the effectiveness of traditional masonry, like thick stone walls, which provide thermal inertia. This slows heat transfer during the day and helps retain warmth at night. The passive performance of original structures is often improved with targeted measures, such as reducing air leakage (P4) or upgrading the roof (P2). These interventions, as shown in the table, preserve the historic appearance while improving overall energy efficiency.

Consistently, the integration of active or renewable systems (R3, R4) appears selective and limited to those contexts where the landscape character allows for more discreet integration, avoiding perceptual alterations of the context. This confirms that the identified retrofit solutions form a balanced set of strategies, prioritizing respect for original forms and enhancing the existing qualities of historic buildings.

4.5. Proposed Phases for Retrofitting Projects

The recommendations presented here, while not exhaustive given the complexity of the subject and the limitations inherent in the bibliographic selection shaped by the PRISMA method, are nonetheless reflected in the flowchart developed and shown in Figure 11 below.

The proposed diagram aims to provide a synthesis of best practices identified in the literature and case studies analysed, serving as a practical support tool for the design and management of interventions. It offers a foundation for defining replicable models and developing guidelines that integrate technological innovation, heritage conservation, and landscape enhancement

The infographic presents the rural farmhouse rehabilitation process in clear phases, based on the literature: context analysis, defining objectives, selecting measures, implementation, and monitoring. This creates a structured and replicable framework. The initial analysis phase is crucial to understanding the building’s form, materials, and land-scape context, allowing for respectful interventions. The small number of energy retrofit-ting cases shows the challenge of combining energy goals with heritage and landscape preservation, but this multidisciplinary approach is a key innovation of the study, aiming to fill a gap in existing research and guide future projects.

Defining retrofit goals helps balance energy efficiency with preserving historic identity and landscape. The selected solutions—passive, active, and renewable—are chosen for compatibility with traditional materials, reversibility, and respect for cultural and landscape values.

This process, using multi-criteria methods and energy simulations, can guide design choices and assess interventions not only in terms of performance but also in their land-scape impact. The infographic offers a step toward future guidelines for rural farmhouse retrofitting, providing a tool for designers, authorities, and policymakers. Once validated, such guidelines promote compatibility, sustainability, and cultural value, and support further research based on real-world applications.

In this way, sustainability goals can actively support the preservation and enhancement of rural heritage, giving new life to traditional farmhouses while respecting their historical identity and meeting modern needs. This offers a significant asset that the green economy era must not overlook and opens new frontiers for research and development.

5. Conclusions

The research questions formulated at the outset have guided the selection, classification, and analysis of the literature. The findings confirm the study’s objectives and support both the general and specific hypotheses presented. This internal consistency is further illustrated in Appendix A.2 

Table A5. Alignment between hypotheses, research questions, and macro-Groups—© authors, 2025.

Hypothesis	Research Question	Macro-Group
General	Q1	A + D
Specific	Q2	B + C
Combined	Q3	All

, which summarizes the alignment between the study’s hypotheses, research questions, and the four thematic macro-groups used in the analysis. Based on our critical synthesis of the literature and the catalog of retrofit solutions reviewed, both the general and specific hypotheses are supported.

The case studies confirm the main hypothesis: effective rehabilitation of vernacular architecture requires understanding its forms and landscape context. Most strategies focus on passive improvements and using the natural thermal properties of traditional masonry, showing awareness of the need to combine energy efficiency with cultural preservation. The specific hypothesis is also confirmed: when based on a critical and multi-level approach, energy retrofitting can improve environmental performance without harming the identity of buildings or their landscapes.

The selective use of active technologies and renewables, aimed at protecting the landscape, and the focus on architectural compatibility show that current design approaches are integrated and respectful. The study’s main thesis—that sustainable retrofitting of rural buildings is a strategic tool for enhancing the agricultural landscape—is supported by the findings. The analysis confirms that rehabilitating traditional farmhouses offers real opportunities to support energy transition, especially in marginal rural areas.

The integration of energy retrofit solutions with actions for landscape and cultural enhancement allows for the development of strategies that reduce environmental impact while reinforcing territorial identity and cohesion, confirming that energy design is, fundamentally, an architectural matter.

This study aligns with European and national strategies, offering an innovative, multidisciplinary view that goes beyond urban-focused or purely technical reviews. The practices identified form a practical framework to guide future regeneration projects that balance tradition, innovation, and sustainability. The findings confirm that energy retrofitting of rural buildings, when approached consciously, can support green economy goals, delivering environmental and socio-economic benefits.

Future research should focus on developing practical tools and replicable models that use local materials, traditional techniques, and passive solutions to support rural heritage in energy transition and sustainable development.