The Q-NPT: Redefining Nuclear Energy Governance for Sustainability

Abstract

Global peace, security, and sustainable energy development depend on effective nuclear energy governance. While the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has served as a cornerstone in this domain, it faces challenges such as trust deficits, inequitable access to nuclear technologies, and regional instability. This paper proposes the Qudrat-Ullah Nuclear Peace and Trust (Q-NPT) framework, a dynamic implementation roadmap designed to address these issues. The framework focuses on fostering trust among stakeholders, ensuring equitable access to nuclear technologies, and promoting inclusivity in governance structures. A key theoretical contribution is the integration of trust-building measures with sustainable energy transitions, highlighting nuclear energy’s role in decarbonization and global energy security. The paper outlines actionable pathways for implementing the Q-NPT framework, including enhanced oversight by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), capacity-building initiatives, and training programs to enable safe and sustainable nuclear cooperation, particularly in developing nations. By operationalizing nuclear programs through this approach, the Q-NPT framework aligns nuclear energy governance with global sustainable energy objectives.

1. Introduction

The governance of nuclear energy stands at a pivotal juncture, reflecting tensions between technological advancement, security imperatives, and stark inequities in access and opportunity. As humanity grapples with the intertwined crises of climate change and energy insecurity, nuclear energy emerges as a paradoxical solution: a potential enabler of decarbonization and a focal point of geopolitical contention. Despite its transformative potential, nuclear energy remains underutilized in many developing nations, where structural, political, and economic barriers restrict access to this critical technology. This disparity raises pressing questions: how can the global community reconcile the need for equitable energy transitions with the imperatives of non-proliferation and global stability?

The urgency of these questions is underscored by the dual necessity for reliable, large-scale, low-carbon energy production and the mitigation of climate vulnerabilities. Nuclear energy offers a unique convergence of opportunity and necessity, yet its promise remains elusive for those most affected by climate change. As Hendricks and Ziegler (2019) [1] argue, nuclear diplomacy must evolve to bridge the gap between energy security and environmental stewardship. However, existing governance frameworks often fall short. These frameworks, as evidenced by research from Höffken and Ramana (2020) [2], not only fail to dismantle inequities but in some cases exacerbate them, perpetuating systemic barriers that disproportionately disadvantage developing nations. For example, the restricted dissemination of nuclear technologies often limits the ability of these nations to participate meaningfully in sustainable energy transitions, reflecting deeper patterns of environmental injustice.

The challenges extend beyond inequitable technological access. Governance mechanisms frequently lack sufficient emphasis on trust-building, a critical component for fostering international cooperation and ensuring compliance with non-proliferation norms. Duursma et al. (2021) [3] highlight trust as a cornerstone of effective global agreements, a principle often overlooked in existing governance models. Similarly, Bunn and Wier (2020) [4] emphasize the need for collaborative frameworks to address proliferation risks while enabling equitable energy transitions. These gaps underscore the necessity for a reimagined governance approach that integrates equity, trust, and inclusiveness.

This study introduces the Qudrat-Ullah Nuclear Peace and Trust (Q-NPT) framework as a bold response to these challenges. The Q-NPT framework emphasizes three core pillars: fostering trust among stakeholders, facilitating equitable technology transfer, and building capacity in developing nations. By integrating these elements, the framework seeks to transform nuclear energy governance into a mechanism for achieving decarbonization and enhancing global energy security. Moreover, the Q-NPT framework addresses a critical research gap by offering a dynamic implementation roadmap that operationalizes these principles, bridging the theoretical foundations of governance with actionable policy strategies.

This paper advances the discourse on nuclear energy governance by proposing a paradigm shift toward equity-oriented and trust-based cooperation. It outlines the Q-NPT framework as a transformative solution to the interconnected crises of climate change, energy inequality, and global instability. By challenging the limitations of existing governance structures, this framework offers a pathway for a more inclusive and sustainable future. The implications extend beyond nuclear energy, presenting a model for rethinking international cooperation in addressing shared vulnerabilities and advancing global sustainability goals.

2. The Case for a New Framework

The global nuclear governance system is at a critical crossroads. While the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has historically provided a framework for managing nuclear energy and security, its limitations are increasingly evident in the face of urgent climate and energy challenges [5]. Persistent trust deficits, inequitable access to nuclear technology, and regional instabilities raise an important question: Is the current governance system adequately equipped to address these pressing issues?

For many developing nations, the potential of nuclear energy remains underutilized due to barriers to technology transfer, resource limitations, and geopolitical mistrust. Höffken and Ramana [2] underscore how existing governance structures often fail to address the environmental justice implications of nuclear energy distribution, perpetuating disparities in access. Similarly, Rublee and Cohen [6] observe that the current framework reinforces an implicit hierarchy of nuclear access, creating obstacles for nations striving to meet their energy and climate goals.

As Qudrat-Ullah [7] highlights, the NPT’s structure was not designed with the aspirations or unique challenges of developing nations in mind. Consequently, the system often falls short in equitably addressing the needs of those most affected by climate vulnerabilities and energy insecurity. This gap underscores the need for a more inclusive governance model—one that aligns the imperatives of non-proliferation with the equitable distribution of nuclear energy technologies.

The Qudrat-Ullah Nuclear Peace and Trust (Q-NPT) framework seeks to address these gaps by reimagining nuclear governance through an equity-focused lens. It emphasizes granting developing nations greater agency in nuclear energy management under the oversight of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). By promoting trust-building, equitable technology sharing, and capacity development, the Q-NPT framework aims to create a balanced governance model that supports sustainable energy transitions while maintaining global security standards.

Achieving such a model is not merely a matter of fairness but a strategic necessity. As Beyer and McCauley [8] emphasize, governance systems must adapt to address the intertwined challenges of energy demand, decarbonization, and security. Nuclear energy’s role as a scalable, low-carbon energy source, highlighted by Holechek et al. [9], makes it essential to global efforts to displace fossil fuels. Yet, the current governance structures continue to limit its accessibility to many nations that stand to benefit most.

The Q-NPT framework represents a forward-looking approach to these challenges. Rather than advocating for incremental changes, it envisions a comprehensive transformation of nuclear energy governance. By addressing inequities in access and fostering international collaboration, the Q-NPT framework seeks to redefine the role of nuclear energy as a tool for achieving shared global goals. While not without its challenges, this framework offers a pragmatic yet ambitious vision for creating a more inclusive, effective, and equitable nuclear governance system.

3. Pillars of the Q-NPT Framework

The Q-NPT framework is conceived as a normative vision grounded in the principles of equity, sustainability, and global collaboration. It integrates elements of conceptual modeling to guide governance practices and draws on theoretical insights to address systemic inequities in nuclear energy governance. The Q-NPT framework represents a strategic reimagining of nuclear governance that prioritizes transparency, inclusivity, and cooperation to address global energy and development challenges. In an era marked by the urgent need for energy transitions, the framework provides a pathway to foster trust between nuclear and non-nuclear states, ensuring equitable access to the benefits of nuclear energy. Figure 1 provides an overview of the framework, which emphasizes collaboration and mutual accountability as cornerstones for integrating nuclear technologies into the energy systems of developing nations. By doing so, it seeks to drive energy security, economic growth, and alignment with sustainable development goals [10,11]. Kühn [12] underscores that the realization of these objectives requires overcoming entrenched geopolitical, technical, and institutional barriers through trust-building measures, such as multilateral agreements and confidence-building mechanisms.

3.1. Equitable Technology Transfer

Equitable access to nuclear technology is a central tenet of the Q-NPT framework. Kühn [12] observes that restrictive technology transfer policies, often stemming from a lack of trust among states, contribute to global inequalities in nuclear energy access. To address these disparities, the Q-NPT framework seeks to facilitate the adoption of nuclear energy by developing nations for peaceful applications, such as electricity generation and medical advancements. This approach emphasizes reciprocal accountability and prioritizes collaborative partnerships rather than hierarchical or paternalistic models.

Ruzicka and Wheeler [13] highlight that trust is a critical factor in the long-term effectiveness of multilateral nuclear agreements. Similarly, Dieguez Porras et al. [14] emphasize the role of capacity building in ensuring the secure and effective adoption of nuclear technologies. The Q-NPT framework integrates these perspectives, aiming to establish technology transfer mechanisms that are both equitable and underpinned by systematic trust-building processes.

3.2. Centralized International Oversight

The Q-NPT framework emphasizes centralized international oversight, designating the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as a key institution in global nuclear governance. Kühn [12] highlights the role of international institutions in promoting strategic stability by reducing uncertainty and mitigating risks associated with unilateral actions. Currently, the IAEA performs essential functions such as nuclear safeguards, safety monitoring, and the promotion of peaceful nuclear applications [15]. The Q-NPT framework proposes an expansion of the IAEA’s mandate to include additional responsibilities, including capacity-building initiatives, facilitating equitable technology transfer, and establishing standardized frameworks for human resource development among member states.

In this expanded role, the IAEA would oversee collaborative workforce development programs, providing expertise and support tailored to the specific needs of developing countries, thereby enhancing trust and reducing proliferation risks. The framework also suggests the implementation of stricter, real-time monitoring mechanisms using advanced technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence to improve transparency and accountability in nuclear operations [16]. These measures would shift the IAEA’s focus from primarily compliance to also actively supporting inclusive and sustainable nuclear energy governance.

Expanding the IAEA’s responsibilities could strengthen international security measures and address gaps in access to and management of nuclear technology, particularly in developing regions. Centralized oversight aims to reduce risks related to the misuse of nuclear technologies and build global trust, contributing to a mechanism that supports safe and equitable adoption of nuclear energy in line with sustainable development objectives [10].

3.3. Collaborative Workforce Development

A third key component of the Q-NPT framework is its innovative approach to workforce development. Kühn [12] identifies workforce exchanges as vital trust-building measures that reduce misperceptions and enhance cooperation. Recognizing the expertise required to manage advanced nuclear technologies, the framework advocates establishing an international, rotational workforce. This approach builds capacity while reducing the risks of nuclear proliferation by promoting transparency and shared responsibility—critical elements in mitigating threats related to nuclear technology misuse.

Such collaborative strategies facilitate capacity building in emerging economies, foster international partnerships, and help mitigate proliferation risks. By encouraging cross-border cooperation, the Q-NPT framework ensures that nations collectively address challenges associated with nuclear energy integration, thereby supporting global energy transition efforts.

The effective integration of nuclear energy into sustainable energy frameworks requires not only technological advancements but also a comprehensive understanding of system dynamics, as noted by [7]. This underscores the need for a workforce skilled in both the technical and socio-political dimensions of nuclear energy systems.

Several international partnerships exemplify this collaborative workforce development approach. The 2008 India–United States civil nuclear agreement facilitated technology transfer and workforce training for civilian nuclear programs [17]. Similarly, the China–Pakistan partnership on the Chashma Nuclear Power Complex includes comprehensive technology transfer and training, enhancing Pakistan’s nuclear capabilities [18]. Russia’s support for Bangladesh’s Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant incorporates extensive training programs for Bangladeshi engineers and technicians [19]. Additionally, the France–China collaboration on the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant involves significant technology transfer and joint workforce initiatives, notably through European pressurized reactor deployment [20]. Finally, the ITER project—a global fusion energy initiative—demonstrates how multinational partnerships promote joint workforce development and technological progress [21]. These examples highlight the critical importance of collaborative workforce development in building capacity, advancing nuclear energy technologies, and ensuring their safe and equitable integration into global energy systems.

3.4. Toward a Sustainable Nuclear Energy Future

The Q-NPT framework is based on three foundational pillars: equitable technology transfer, centralized international oversight, and collaborative workforce development. These components offer a structured approach to reforming nuclear governance in the 21st century. Implementation faces challenges such as geopolitical tensions and technological and institutional resistance to change. Addressing these challenges will require multilateral agreements and commitments from nuclear-armed states to promote transparency and trust in the international arena.

The framework emphasizes trust, transparency, and cooperation as essential elements to align nuclear governance with objectives of global equity and sustainability. It highlights the integration of nuclear and renewable energy sources, recognizing their complementary roles in reducing global carbon emissions.

The long-term effectiveness of the framework depends on its ability to adapt to emerging global challenges, including rapid technological innovation and evolving geopolitical contexts. An inclusive approach incorporating the perspectives of developing nations and non-nuclear states is necessary to maintain its relevance and effectiveness. Sustained cooperation and equitable practices among stakeholders are critical for the framework’s contribution to global sustainable development.

4. A Dynamic Perspective of the Q-NPT

The Q-NPT framework signifies a paradigm shift in nuclear energy governance, moving beyond the limitations of traditional static models. Traditional frameworks often conceptualize governance as a linear and compartmentalized process, with fixed roles and responsibilities that lack flexibility to adapt to evolving global contexts. Such models typically emphasize compliance and control mechanisms without adequately addressing the dynamic interactions between various stakeholders and systems [22].

In contrast, the Q-NPT framework adopts a dynamic and interconnected perspective, emphasizing feedback loops and adaptive mechanisms to address the complex and interdependent challenges inherent in nuclear governance. This approach aligns with systems thinking principles, which advocate for understanding the interrelationships within complex systems rather than viewing components in isolation [7]. By incorporating adaptive strategies and continuous learning processes, the Q-NPT framework aims to enhance resilience and responsiveness in nuclear governance structures.

Figure 1 illustrates the dynamic governance framework of the Q-NPT framework, contrasting it with traditional static models. While conventional frameworks often treat nuclear governance as a linear and compartmentalized process, the Q-NPT framework acknowledges the multifaceted and evolving nature of global nuclear energy systems. Figure 1 underscores the paradigm shift required to address the complexities of nuclear energy governance effectively.

The Q-NPT framework’s dynamic perspective advances global policymaking by emphasizing resilience and adaptability. It challenges stakeholders to move beyond siloed approaches, fostering an integrated governance model that prioritizes trust, equity, and security. This system-oriented perspective underscores the importance of dynamic policies that prioritize flexibility and adaptability, enabling more effective responses to the evolving challenges of nuclear governance.

The Q-NPT framework serves as both a theoretical construct and a practical roadmap, guiding policymakers and international organizations toward innovative strategies that account for feedback effects. By aligning nuclear energy governance with the principles of sustainability, equity, and collaboration, the framework provides a robust mechanism for fostering resilience and achieving long-term global development goals in the nuclear energy sector.

Table 1. Comparative analysis of traditional nuclear non-proliferation frameworks and the Q-NPT framework.

Aspect	Traditional Nuclear Non-Proliferation Framework	Q-NPT Framework (Dynamic Perspective)
Core Focus	Static control and prevention of nuclear weapon spread	Dynamic governance balancing peaceful use and non-proliferation
Approach	Compliance-based, treaty enforcement	Systems thinking emphasizing feedback loops and adaptive policies
Governance	Top-down, state-centric	Multi-level, inclusive of technology-sharing and capacity-building
Technological Consideration	Limited to static assessments of nuclear tech capabilities	Incorporates evolving technologies like SMRs, Gen IV reactors
Response to Change	Reactive, slow adaptation	Proactive, iterative learning and adaptation
Sustainability & Decarbonization	Peripheral or absent	Central role, integrating nuclear tech for decarbonization goals
Stakeholder Engagement	Limited, often state-only	Inclusive of developing countries, technology partners, and civil society
Capacity Building	Minimal emphasis	Core component to ensure effective technology adoption

summarizes key differences between traditional nuclear non-proliferation frameworks and the proposed Q-NPT framework from a dynamic perspective.

5. Equitable Access to Nuclear Technology and Decarbonization

As the global community confronts the intertwined crises of energy inequity and climate change, the Q-NPT framework emerges as a transformative paradigm. At its core, the framework emphasizes equitable technology transfer, positioning nuclear energy as a means to address systemic disparities in energy access while advancing decarbonization objectives. By aligning nuclear technology sharing with the principles of energy justice, the Q-NPT framework highlights the urgent need for global partnerships that transcend traditional barriers, fostering a collective approach to sustainable development.

The dual nature of nuclear energy—its potential as a source of clean energy and the inherent risks of misuse—renders its equitable distribution both a necessity and a complex challenge. Qudrat-Ullah [23] underscores that a sustainable energy transition requires not only technical advancements but also governance frameworks that embed energy justice into global energy policies. By bridging the divide between nuclear-armed and non-nuclear nations, the Q-NPT framework offers a strategic pathway for a fair and inclusive transition toward low-carbon energy systems.

5.1. Technology Sharing: Bridging Inequities in Energy Access

Central to the Q-NPT framework is a vision for technology sharing that seeks to address historical disparities in nuclear energy access. By fostering partnerships between developed and developing nations, the framework aims to provide under-resourced countries with the expertise, infrastructure, and technical capacity necessary to integrate nuclear energy into their energy portfolios. This approach contributes to reducing dependence on fossil fuels while addressing principles of global energy justice.

Schneider and Ramana [24] highlight that equitable technology sharing extends beyond technical considerations and is fundamental to fairness in international energy policy. The Q-NPT framework builds on this principle by advocating for agreements that enable developing nations to utilize nuclear power for electricity generation, healthcare, and industrial applications. These agreements also incorporate safeguards to mitigate proliferation risks, supporting global security alongside energy equity.

Moreover, technology-sharing initiatives offer a means to reduce persistent inequalities in energy access. Developing countries often face resource constraints that limit their ability to independently invest in advanced technologies, thereby perpetuating energy poverty and economic vulnerabilities. Integrating nuclear technology into their energy strategies can provide these nations with access to clean and reliable power, thereby supporting broader social and economic development objectives.

Successful implementation of technology-sharing agreements also requires capacity-building efforts, including workforce development, regulatory support, and the establishment of robust governance structures. For instance, small modular reactors (SMRs) represent a viable technology for developing countries due to their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with smaller energy grids. Similarly, Generation IV reactors, characterized by enhanced safety features and sustainable closed fuel cycles, provide long-term benefits in reducing nuclear waste and supporting decarbonization goals. These technologies directly address several challenges faced by developing nations:

• Cost: SMRs reduce upfront capital costs through modular construction, enabling countries with limited financial resources to invest in nuclear energy without the prohibitive expenses associated with traditional large-scale plants.
• Infrastructure: Unlike conventional nuclear power plants, SMRs have lower infrastructure requirements, allowing for deployment in remote or resource-limited regions where extensive grid networks may be absent or underdeveloped.
• Safety: Generation IV reactors incorporate advanced safety features such as passive cooling systems and fail-safe designs. These innovations not only mitigate the risks of nuclear accidents but also address long-standing public and environmental safety concerns, which are critical for fostering trust and adoption in new markets.

By integrating such advanced technologies into the Q-NPT framework, developing nations can harness nuclear energy effectively while addressing unique infrastructure and resource constraints. Without these elements, even well-intentioned technology transfers risk being underutilized or mismanaged.

Fostering trust and collaboration between partners becomes critical, not only for the immediate adoption of nuclear energy but also for ensuring its long-term sustainability in recipient nations. By embracing a holistic approach to technology sharing—one that includes advanced nuclear solutions like SMRs and Generation IV reactors—the Q-NPT framework not only contributes to reducing global emissions but also advances the moral imperative of creating an energy system that is equitable, inclusive, and resilient to future challenges.

5.2. A Case Study: Successful Technology Transfers in Developing Nations

The collaboration between the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and South Korea serves as a compelling example of the potential of international technology transfer to drive equitable energy development. Through the Barakah nuclear project, South Korea transferred not only advanced reactor technology but also the expertise and training necessary to build the UAE’s capacity for sustainable nuclear energy. This partnership illustrates how strategic collaborations can help nations leapfrog traditional energy pathways, directly advancing their decarbonization efforts [15,25].

Beyond the infrastructure and expertise, the UAE–South Korea partnership highlights the broader benefits of fostering long-term relationships in energy development. It demonstrates how nations with established nuclear industries can support emerging nuclear states in achieving energy independence and contributing to global sustainability goals [7,10]. These collaborations also foster knowledge exchange and technical cooperation, enabling the recipient nation to strengthen its institutional capacity and regulatory frameworks, both of which are critical for sustaining a robust nuclear energy program.

This case underscores the importance of aligning technology transfer with tailored workforce development and localized expertise. By investing in human capital, the UAE has been able to operate and maintain its nuclear energy facilities while also cultivating a skilled workforce that contributes to the broader energy sector. Furthermore, the project serves as a model for integrating international safeguards and compliance with non-proliferation commitments, ensuring that the growth of nuclear energy remains aligned with global security standards.

Ultimately, the UAE–South Korea collaboration exemplifies how thoughtful, well-executed technology transfers can drive sustainable energy transitions in developing nations. This model can be replicated in other contexts, provided there is mutual trust, shared responsibility, and a commitment to equitable partnerships that prioritize long-term capacity building and environmental stewardship.

5.3. Nuclear Energy as a Pillar of Decarbonization

Nuclear energy’s role in decarbonization extends far beyond its capacity to reduce carbon emissions. It offers a stable and scalable complement to renewable energy, addressing intermittency issues while enabling countries to meet ambitious climate targets. The integration of nuclear energy into diversified energy portfolios represents a critical strategy for achieving global sustainability goals.

Table 2. The role of nuclear energy in achieving decarbonization goals.

Country	Nuclear Capacity (GW)	Share of Nuclear in Energy Mix (%)	CO2 Emissions Reduction (MtCO2 Annually)	Source
France	61.4	70	50	[26]
United States	95.5	20	200	[27]
South Korea	23.6	30	10	[25,28]
UAE (Barakah)	5.6	8	3.2	[28]

exemplifies nuclear energy’s contribution to CO₂ reduction, highlighting its transformative potential in both established and emerging markets. For instance, France’s reliance on nuclear power for 70% of its energy needs positions it as a global leader in low-carbon energy systems. Similarly, the U.S. and South Korea showcase the substantial emissions reductions achievable through nuclear power. Even emerging nuclear nations like the UAE illustrate the transformative potential of nuclear energy in achieving climate goals.

While nuclear energy alone cannot solve the climate crisis, its role as a low-carbon, high-capacity energy source makes it indispensable in the global energy transition. Its ability to produce consistent baseline power provides stability to grids increasingly reliant on intermittent renewable sources like solar and wind. This complementarity ensures a reliable energy supply, reducing the need for carbon-intensive backup systems. However, unlocking the full potential of nuclear energy demands addressing several challenges. These include managing public concerns over safety and waste disposal, resolving proliferation risks, and fostering international collaboration to support equitable technology transfer. Furthermore, equitable integration into global energy systems necessitates building trust among stakeholders and ensuring that nuclear technology benefits all nations, not just those with existing expertise or resources.

The Q-NPT framework offers a comprehensive pathway to overcome barriers in nuclear governance, positioning nuclear energy as a cornerstone of global decarbonization efforts. By emphasizing equitable technology sharing, the framework facilitates access to nuclear expertise and infrastructure for under-resourced nations, enabling them to bypass traditional, carbon-intensive energy development pathways. To foster trust between states, the Q-NPT framework incorporates specific initiatives designed to promote transparency, collaboration, and mutual accountability. These initiatives include the following:

• Establishing multilateral nuclear knowledge hubs, regional centers of excellence where nuclear and non-nuclear states collaborate on research, training, and capacity-building programs to build mutual understanding and shared expertise;
• Implementing joint safeguard missions, co-conducted by representatives from donor and recipient nations under the oversight of international bodies like the IAEA to ensure compliance with non-proliferation measures and build trust through shared accountability;
• Developing a transparency index, an annual evaluation of participating nations’ adherence to Q-NPT principles, including equitable technology sharing, non-proliferation compliance, and collaborative workforce development—this fosters trust by providing an objective and public measure of progress;
• Facilitating bilateral and multilateral confidence-building dialogues, regular forums for open dialogue on concerns, progress, and opportunities, reducing geopolitical tensions and fostering long-term partnerships.

Additionally, the Q-NPT framework’s robust safeguards and non-proliferation measures address security concerns, further strengthening global confidence in nuclear solutions. By harmonizing technological innovation, policy support, and equity, the framework provides a structured mechanism for fostering collaboration among nations, bridging gaps in resources and expertise, and aligning nuclear development with global sustainability goals. Through these concrete initiatives, nuclear power transcends its traditional limitations, fostering a sustainable, resilient, and inclusive energy future while establishing nuclear trust as a cornerstone of international collaboration.

6. Energy Policy Implications and Pathways for Implementation

The Q-NPT framework represents a paradigm shift in nuclear energy governance by addressing the interconnected challenges of equity, sustainability, and global collaboration. By prioritizing equitable technology sharing, environmental stewardship, and geopolitical stability, it provides a structured pathway for integrating nuclear energy into a decarbonized global energy system. Its focus on energy justice, especially for under-resourced nations, underscores its relevance to the sustainable development aspirations of the Global South.

6.1. National Energy Policies: Rethinking Integration in a Q-NPT Context

Realizing the vision of the Q-NPT framework requires adaptive national energy policies tailored to varying institutional contexts. Developed countries with established nuclear infrastructure, such as Canada, can focus on advancing safety and efficiency while supporting emerging nuclear states. Conversely, nations like India, which are expanding their nuclear programs, must prioritize aligning domestic energy strategies with international non-proliferation commitments to build trust and secure equitable technology access [29,30].

The Q-NPT framework’s integration of nuclear energy into diversified energy portfolios highlights its complementarity with renewables, addressing energy resilience and inclusivity. Policymakers should adopt holistic approaches linking nuclear development with broader sustainability goals, transcending siloed strategies. For instance, Canada’s leadership in reactor safety and India’s focus on self-reliance present opportunities to align with Q-NPT principles. By framing nuclear energy as a global climate solution rather than a geopolitical tool, both nations can promote collaborative models bridging the Global North–South divide.

Collaborative initiatives, such as those spearheaded by the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO), have improved safety and operational performance globally. WANO’s peer review mechanisms, along with the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), foster trust by ensuring equitable access to nuclear materials and technologies. India’s pursuit of NSG membership exemplifies its commitment to responsible nuclear governance and engagement in global non-proliferation frameworks [31,32].

6.2. Global Collaboration: A New Era of Shared Ambition

The Q-NPT framework envisions an era of collaboration-driven nuclear governance. Recent advancements, such as the U.S. Department of Energy’s USD 800 million investment in Generation III+ SMRs, demonstrate the feasibility of this vision by enabling partnerships between utilities, vendors, and contractors to accelerate deployment [33]. Similarly, Canadian–Romanian collaborations, including a memorandum of understanding between the Canadian Nuclear Association and ROMATOM, highlight the importance of joint innovation in reactor development and SMR deployment [29]. These initiatives underscore the need for capacity building in emerging nuclear states. For instance, Canada’s export financing of CAD 3 billion for Romania’s nuclear projects reflects a commitment to shared energy security goals [34]. These collaborations foster mutual trust, equipping less-resourced nations with the tools to adopt nuclear energy responsibly while adhering to the principles of inclusivity and sustainability.

6.3. A Dynamic Roadmap for Implementation

The success of the Q-NPT framework hinges on its practical implementation, requiring a dynamic and iterative approach. Figure 2 outlines a roadmap where stakeholder engagement, capacity building, and continuous monitoring form the backbone of progress. This feedback loop is not merely a procedural step—it embodies the adaptive mindset necessary to navigate the complexities of nuclear energy governance.

Operationalizing the Q-NPT framework requires collaboration between international bodies, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and national governments. For instance, the IAEA could establish a dedicated task force to oversee equitable technology transfer programs, while national governments might incorporate Q-NPT principles into bilateral and multilateral agreements. Pilot initiatives, such as regional nuclear energy hubs in developing nations, could serve as practical demonstrations of the framework’s viability.

Key insights include the following:

• Inclusive policy development: Engaging diverse stakeholders ensures policies reflect the realities of specific contexts. The European Green Deal’s adaptive strategies provide a model for recalibrating policies in response to challenges [26]. Workshops with regulatory bodies in developing nations could similarly address gaps in policy clarity, creating an enabling environment for nuclear energy adoption.
• Addressing technological gaps: Tailored capacity-building programs for emerging nuclear states, such as Canada’s collaboration with Pakistan via the CANDU Owners Group, exemplify effective knowledge transfer [29]. Feedback mechanisms by agencies like the IAEA further guide the development of targeted training and resource allocation strategies.
• Fostering public trust: Transparent communication is vital. Romania’s Doicești SMR project exemplifies how proactive measures, including IAEA Site and External Events Design reviews, build public confidence in nuclear initiatives [35].
• Optimizing Resource Allocation: Dynamic feedback loops enable efficient allocation of resources. For example, Romania’s USD 4 billion SMR financing package illustrates how strategic investments can catalyze nuclear development [36].

6.4. Synthesis, Limitations, and Future Directions

The Q-NPT framework bridges policy, technology, and equity, offering a structured approach to advancing nuclear energy governance. It outlines pathways for integrating nuclear energy into global sustainability agendas while fostering collaboration among nations. While the framework provides a valuable perspective, significant challenges remain. Its success depends on adaptability to diverse national and regional contexts and its ability to address barriers such as public resistance, resource constraints, geopolitical tensions, and institutional inertia. Furthermore, the financial costs associated with implementing equitable governance structures and technology-sharing mechanisms may present additional obstacles. Future research should focus on addressing these limitations, particularly in politically unstable or resource-limited nations. Expanding case studies and incorporating lessons from other sectors, such as renewable energy, could enhance its applicability. By systematically addressing these challenges, the framework could support the development of a sustainable, inclusive, and resilient global energy system.

7. Conclusions: Reimagining Nuclear Energy Governance Through the Q-NPT Framework

The Q-NPT framework proposes a novel approach to nuclear energy governance, emphasizing trust, equity, and energy justice as central principles in the global energy transition. By addressing challenges related to accessibility, fairness, and inclusivity, the framework highlights the role of nuclear energy as both a technical solution and a means of fostering international collaboration toward sustainable development goals. This perspective positions the Q-NPT framework as a comprehensive model for enhancing cooperation among nations to tackle climate change and energy insecurity.

7.1. Q-NPT: A Pathway to Inclusive Nuclear Energy Governance

The Q-NPT framework proposes a model for integrating nuclear energy into strategies for decarbonization and energy justice. It prioritizes equitable access to nuclear technologies, particularly for developing nations, thereby enabling their participation in global decarbonization efforts [7,23,37]. This approach addresses historical constraints that have limited the Global South’s engagement with nuclear energy adoption.

By incorporating trust-building measures and fostering collaborative oversight, the Q-NPT framework aligns nuclear energy governance with broader sustainable development goals. It emphasizes the integration of nuclear energy into a diversified low-carbon energy mix, highlighting its role as a complementary resource alongside renewable energy sources. The framework provides a practical and adaptable approach for nations seeking to balance energy security with environmental sustainability.

7.2. Q-NPT: A Blueprint for Equitable Energy Futures

The Q-NPT framework provides a foundation for immediate application while also highlighting critical areas for future exploration. To maximize its effectiveness, researchers and policymakers should focus on three key areas:

• Technology sharing and accessibility: Strengthening mechanisms for equitable technology transfer is essential to empower nations in the Global South. Existing international frameworks, such as partnerships between Canada and Pakistan (CANDU operations) or technology-sharing initiatives between the United States and India, provide useful models. Future research should focus on developing scalable and replicable approaches to ensure widespread adoption.
• Integration with renewable energy systems: Exploring the intersection of nuclear and renewable energy systems offers opportunities to create resilient, low-carbon energy systems tailored to global needs. Policymakers should prioritize frameworks that facilitate integration, fostering collaboration between nuclear and renewable energy sectors to enhance energy security and sustainability.
• Risk mitigation and systemic resilience: Addressing systemic risks, including non-proliferation, safety, and public trust, is critical. Developing robust methodologies for monitoring and evaluation, supported by international cooperation, can help mitigate these risks. Adaptive governance structures will be necessary to align nuclear energy governance with the evolving nature of global energy challenges.

In conclusion, the Q-NPT framework represents a transformative model for governing nuclear energy systems, both existing and planned, by embedding principles of equity, resilience, and sustainability. Through the promotion of international collaboration, the integration of nuclear energy within diversified energy systems, and the mitigation of systemic risks, the framework repositions nuclear energy as a collaborative instrument for achieving global decarbonization goals rather than a source of geopolitical contention. The framework’s ultimate success depends on the sustained commitment of policymakers and researchers to adopt and operationalize its principles, thereby ensuring that nuclear energy initiatives of today and the future advance inclusivity and sustainability within the global energy landscape.

While the Q-NPT framework offers a transformative vision for nuclear energy governance, its implementation may face significant challenges. These include political resistance from nuclear-armed states, the high costs of establishing equitable technology transfer mechanisms, and institutional inertia that can delay the adoption of new governance models. Acknowledging these limitations provides a realistic foundation for further discourse and refinement.

7.3. A Vision for the Future: Toward a Just and Decarbonized World

Amid the complexities of the climate crisis, the Q-NPT framework presents a compelling model for energy governance that prioritizes collaboration, justice, and sustainability. It underscores the need for collective efforts to dismantle entrenched barriers and positions nuclear energy as a unifying component of the global energy transition. By aligning nuclear governance with principles of equity and inclusivity, the Q-NPT framework has the potential to redefine the role of nuclear energy, shifting it from a contentious issue to a fundamental pillar of global progress.

The successful implementation of the Q-NPT framework hinges on the commitment of nations to adopt its principles and operationalize them effectively. This framework challenges global leaders, researchers, and practitioners to seize the opportunity to foster energy systems that are not only sustainable but also equitable and inclusive. Through sustained international collaboration and innovative approaches, the Q-NPT framework can provide a guiding vision for achieving a decarbonized, equitable, and resilient energy future.