Thermal Performance of Lignocellulose’s By-Product Wallboards with Bio-Based Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Technological Offer to Produce Board Samples
- Weighing of lignocellulosic raw material with electronic balance Kern EMB 600-2 (to the nearest of 0.01 g).
- Preparation of binder.
- 3.
- The binder is mixed with the raw material in a mixing tank, pouring the raw material and stirring with electric hand mixer, and the binder mixture is slowly and evenly added. The mixing process is carried out for another 120 s after adding all the binder.
- 4.
- Being evenly leveled, the mixed mass is formed into a matrix.
- 5.
- The board is pressed into the matrix to 25 mm thickness.
- 6.
- According to the data sheet of the binder manufacturer, the samples must be kept under pressure in the matrix for a minimum of 12 h.
- 7.
- The obtained board is kept in laboratory conditions for 10–14 days, then removed from the matrix and sawed according to the standards of the test to be performed.
2.3. Components of the Raw Material of the Boards
2.4. Thermal Conductivity
2.5. Heat Capacity
2.6. Latent Heat
3. Results
3.1. Thermal Conductivity
3.2. Heat Capacity
3.3. Latent Heat
4. Discussion
- A microencapsulated bio-based phase change material was chosen and employed to enable precise quantification of the incorporated phase change amount, eliminating the risk of loss when the room temperature rises between 23 °C and 28 °C. Increasing the quantity of PCM in a sample leads to an increase in the materials’ thermal conductivity, changing the function of the material.
- However, since this material is intended not only to exhibit high thermal conductivity but also to possess a significant heat capacity, it was crucial to achieve a balance. The goal was to ensure that the material does not absorb excessive heat, allowing it to correlate with room temperature. It should also function as a thermal capacity material when the room temperature rises between 23 °C and 28 °C. If the thermal conductivity coefficient is much lower, it is likely that this material, with included PCM, would not effectively function as a heat storage material, impeding the transfer of heat to the capsules.
- The incorporation of phase change microcapsules proved to be a transformative addition, resulting in a substantial increase in the heat capacity of the board, reaching an impressive enhancement of up to 147%. This boost in heat storage capacity holds promising implications for the overall energy performance of the material, offering potential benefits for various applications that require efficient heat management.
- As the content of phase change material (PCM) increases, a noticeable reduction in thermal conductivity is observed. Remarkably, samples lacking PCM exhibited the most favorable thermal conductivity, approximately 0.062 W/(m·K). This finding is pivotal to understanding the influence of PCM inclusion on the materials’ heat transfer properties, providing valuable insight for material selection and design in specific thermal applications.
- Furthermore, the specific heat capacity of samples incorporating 15% encapsulated phase change material displayed a remarkable increase, surging by 2.5-times to reach 3.97 J/(g·K). This substantial improvement in specific heat capacity bestows upon the material the capability to significantly mitigate indoor temperature fluctuations. This attribute is particularly valuable in scenarios involving direct solar radiation, where the material can effectively absorb and release heat, contributing to the creation of more stable and comfortable indoor environments.
- At the moment, it is difficult to find lignocellulosic-based thermal insulation materials with PCM on the market. However, for comparison purposes, RBB wood fiber with a density of 230 kg/m3 and a heat capacity of 2.1 J/(g·K) is chosen, along with a comparable cedar planer cement board with a density of 450 kg/m3. Additionally, RignoCell steam-exploded hemp fiberboard, having a similar density but a heat capacity percentile of 1.70 J/(g·K), is also selected. Compared to materials developed by scientists with 20 to 30% added PCM (1.2–1.9 J/(g·K)), our material achieves a 2.6-times better result.
- Adding 5% PCM to HW and H samples yields an average result that is 19% higher than the results of commercially available materials. Furthermore, the experimental materials produced a result that is 51% higher than that achieved by material results developed by other researchers. This difference is likely attributed to the lower PCM content, greater material thickness and higher density of the dispersion used in the studies of those researchers.
- In addition to the findings, our rigorous calculations of latent heat of fusion yielded results with minimal dispersion, signifying the reliability and robustness of our experimental approach. The consistency in our results establishes confidence in the characteristic values of latent heat, which consistently hover around 160 J/g. This congruence with existing literature data for the specific PCM type employed in our study validates the accuracy and relevance of our research outcomes.
- The material was tested in fire tests, revealing its combustibility. However, in comparison to similar materials, it achieved Class B–D ratings (with A being the highest). This indicates that additional fire protection measures should be considered in the future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zotova, I.; Gendelis, S.; Kirilovs, E.; Štefanec, D. Thermal Performance of Lignocellulose’s By-Product Wallboards with Bio-Based Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials. Energies 2024, 17, 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010257
Zotova I, Gendelis S, Kirilovs E, Štefanec D. Thermal Performance of Lignocellulose’s By-Product Wallboards with Bio-Based Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials. Energies. 2024; 17(1):257. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010257
Chicago/Turabian StyleZotova, Inga, Staņislavs Gendelis, Edgars Kirilovs, and Dejan Štefanec. 2024. "Thermal Performance of Lignocellulose’s By-Product Wallboards with Bio-Based Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials" Energies 17, no. 1: 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010257