Energy Harvesting Opportunities in Geoenvironmental Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review Methodology
3. Energy Harvesting Basics
- Newton’s second law;
- Maxwell’s displacement current;
- Joule thermal conductivity;
- Strouhal’s number for frequency oscillation;
- The Euler–Lagrange theorem;
- Bernoulli’s fluid mechanics equation;
- Navier–Strokes for incompressible Newtonian fluids;
- Reynolds number for fluids;
- Darcy’s law of flow rate;
- Others unfairly not cited.
3.1. Piezoelectricity
3.2. Pyroelectricity
3.3. Triboelectricity
4. Opportunities for Energy Harvesting
4.1. Solar
4.2. Wind
4.3. Water
4.4. Soil
4.5. Industry Machinery
4.6. Mobility and Transports
4.7. Smart Homes
4.8. Biochemical and Biomechanics
5. Integrated Use of Several Alternative Energy Sources in Portugal
6. Final Analysis
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | EH Techniques | EH Basics | Recent Investigation | Opportunities |
---|---|---|---|---|
Solar [12,13,48,59,60] | Photovoltaics Thermal Solar cells | Piezoelectricity TENG | AI compatibility Stable crystalline structure New materials Photo-reactors | Construction in general |
Wind [61,62,63,64,65,66] | Wind turbines | Piezoelectricity | Smart sensors AI compatibility | Offshore platforms Construction in general |
Hydraulic [14,47,51] | Devices for oceanic and river flow | Piezoelectricity TENG | Smart sensors New materials Durability | Offshore platforms Canals Water distribution systems |
Water turbines | Piezoelectricity | Smart sensors AI compatibility Power storage | Water storage facilities Waste containment | |
Biochemical [7,8,9,20,21,28,29,30,31,35,41,43,53,54,55,56,57,67,68] | Microbial fuel cells Enzyme-based fuel cells | Piezoelectricity | Electrode configurations New materials Biosensors | Wastewater treatment Bioremediation Solid waste processing Biosensing |
Biomechanisms | Piezoelectricity Pyroelectricity TENG | AI compatibility New materials Biosensors | Biosensing Agroindustry | |
Geothermal and geomechanical [2,15,16,17,18,19,22,69,70] | Devices for civil and geotechnical structures | Piezoelectricity TENG | New materials Smart sensors Durability | Construction in general Earthworks in general Highway and roads Railways Machinery in general |
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Marchiori, L.; Morais, M.V.; Studart, A.; Albuquerque, A.; Andrade Pais, L.; Ferreira Gomes, L.; Cavaleiro, V. Energy Harvesting Opportunities in Geoenvironmental Engineering. Energies 2024, 17, 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010215
Marchiori L, Morais MV, Studart A, Albuquerque A, Andrade Pais L, Ferreira Gomes L, Cavaleiro V. Energy Harvesting Opportunities in Geoenvironmental Engineering. Energies. 2024; 17(1):215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010215
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarchiori, Leonardo, Maria Vitoria Morais, André Studart, António Albuquerque, Luis Andrade Pais, Luis Ferreira Gomes, and Victor Cavaleiro. 2024. "Energy Harvesting Opportunities in Geoenvironmental Engineering" Energies 17, no. 1: 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010215