Energy Behaviors of Prosumers in Example of Polish Households
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- RQ1:
- What specific energy behaviors do prosumers exhibit?
- RQ2:
- What disparities in energy behaviors can be identified between users of photovoltaic systems and heat pumps?
- RQ3:
- Are prosumers’ claims about saving energy resources reflected in actual behaviors?
- RQ4:
- What energy behaviors related to the reduction in electricity consumption are undertaken by prosumers and with what frequency?
- RQ5:
- What energy behaviors related to saving thermal energy are undertaken by prosumers and with what frequency?
2. Background for Research
- Energy generation: prosumers generate their own energy, typically using renewable energy sources, which reduces their reliance on traditional energy sources and lowers their carbon footprint.
- Energy storage: prosumers can also store excess energy they generate using battery systems, allowing them to use that energy when their generation systems are not producing energy.
- Energy efficiency: prosumers can also reduce their energy consumption through energy-efficient practices such as turning off appliances when they are not in use, using LED lighting, and installing energy-efficient appliances.
- Energy management: prosumers can monitor their energy production and consumption to optimize their energy use and even sell excess energy back to the grid.
- Energy sharing: prosumers can share their excess energy with others in their community through peer-to-peer energy sharing systems or community-based energy cooperatives.
- Energy-efficient appliances: upgrading to energy-efficient appliances can significantly reduce energy consumption. One can look for appliances with the ENERGY STAR label, which indicates that they meet high energy efficiency standards.
- Efficient lighting: switching to LED bulbs can reduce energy consumption, and they last much longer than traditional bulbs. Turning off lights when not in use is also important.
- Insulation: ensuring adequate insulation and the sealing of doors and windows can prevent energy loss and reduce heating and cooling costs.
- Smart thermostats: installing a smart thermostat allows for temperature control and scheduling, helping to reduce energy consumption.
- Unplugging electronics: electronics and appliances still draw power when plugged in, even if they are not in use. Unplugging electronics or using power strips can help reduce energy usage.
- Renewable energy: installing solar panels or wind turbines can provide a household with clean and renewable energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources.
- Conservation: one can conserve energy by reducing overall energy use, for example, by using public transport, biking, or walking instead of driving alone.
3. Materials and Methods
- RQ1:
- What specific energy behaviors do prosumers exhibit?
- RQ2:
- What disparities in energy behaviors can be identified between users of photovoltaic systems and heat pumps?
- RQ3:
- Are prosumers’ claims about saving energy resources reflected in their actual behaviors?
- RQ4:
- What energy behaviors related to the reduction in electricity consumption are undertaken by prosumers and with what frequency?
- RQ5:
- What energy behaviors related to saving thermal energy are undertaken by prosumers and with what frequency?
4. Results of this Research
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Publications Office of the European Union. Energy Roadmap 2050; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg; Belgium, Brussels, 2012; ISBN 978-92-79-21798-2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA, 2018). Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050; International Renewable Energy Agency: Abu Dhabi, The United Arab Emirates, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission); Breque, M.; De Nul, L.; Petridis, A. Industry 5.0. Towards a Sustainable, Human-Centric and Resilient European Industry. Report. 5 January 2021. Available online: https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/knowledge-publications-tools-and-data/publications/all-publications/industry-50-towards-sustainable-human-centric-and-resilient-european-industry_en (accessed on 22 February 2023).
- Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosumer (accessed on 22 February 2022).
- Password: Prosumer in Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Available online: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/prosumer (accessed on 23 September 2019).
- Hansen, H.; Patnaikuni, I. Design of Sustainable House for Reducing Energy Use. In Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering & Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal, 27–29 September 2014; Basha Research Centre. Available online: http://basharesearch.com/wcset2014.htmD (accessed on 5 March 2023).
- Wijayaningtyas, M.; Hidayat, S.; Nainggolan, T.H.; Handoko, F.; Lukiyanto, K.; Ismail, A. Energy Efficiency of Eco-Friendly Home: Users’ Perception. EDP Sci. J. 2020, 188, 00019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Energy Outlook 2020. Available online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8b420d70-b71d-412d-a4f0-869d656304e4/Polish-Summary-WEO2020.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2023).
- Siarudin, M.; Awang, S.A.; Sadono, R.; Suryanto, P. Renewable energy from secondary wood products contributes to local green development: The case of small-scale privately owned forests in Ciamis Regency, Indonesia. Energy Sustain. Soc. 2023, 13, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lutfi, K.M.; Alnabulsi, Z.H.; Salameh, R.S.; Hyasat, E.A.-H.; Alrawashdeh, S.T. The role of intellectual capital on green supply chain management: Evidence from the Jordanian renewal energy companies. Uncertain Supply Chain. Manag. 2023, 11, 351–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moriarty, P.; Honnery, D. Energy Efficiency or Conservation for Mitigating Climate Change? Energies 2019, 12, 3543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hamamoto, M. Energy-saving behaviour and marginal abatement cost for household CO2 emissions. Energy Policy 2013, 63, 809–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajdzik, B.; Sroka, W.; Vveinhardt, J. Energy Intensity of Steel Manufactured Utilising EAF Technology as a Function of Investments Made: The Case of the Steel Industry in Poland. Energies 2021, 14, 5152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajdzik, B.; Sroka, W. Resource Intensity vs. Investment in Production Installations—The Case of the Steel Industry in Poland. Energies 2021, 14, 443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolniak, R.; Saniuk, S.; Grabowska, S.; Gajdzik, B. Identification of Energy Efficiency Trends in the Context of the Development of Industry 4.0 Using the Polish Steel Sector as an Example. Energies 2020, 13, 2867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions—The European Green Deal (COM(2019) 640 final, 11.12.2019. Available online: https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vl4cnhyp1ort) (accessed on 20 January 2023).
- Sovacool, B.K.; Newell, P.J.; Carley, S. Equity, technological innovation and sustainable behaviour in a low-carbon future. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2022, 6, 326–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campos, I.; Marín-González, E. People in transitions: Energy citizenship, prosumerism and social movements in Europe. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2020, 69, 101718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toffler, A. The Third Wave; Bantam Books: New York, NY, USA, 1980. [Google Scholar]
- Milčiuvienė, S.; Kiršienė, J.; Doheijo, E.; Urbonas, R.; Milčius, D. The Role of Renewable Energy Prosumers in Implementing Energy Justice Theory. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Available online: https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/consumer-vs-prosumer-whats-difference (accessed on 23 September 2019).
- Cseres, K. The Active Energy Consumer in EU Law. Euro. J. Risk Regul. 2018, 9, 227–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Parag, Y.; Sovacool, B.K. Electricity market design for the prosumer era. Nat. Energ. 2016, 1, 16032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Energy Prosumers in Europe Citizen Participation in the Energy Transition. EEA Report. No 01, 2022. Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/the-role-of-prosumers-ofTH_AL_22_007_EN_N_EnergyProsumersinEurope.pdf (accessed on 20 January 2023).
- Directive (EU) 2019/944 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on Common Rules for the Internal Market for Electricity and Amending Directive 2012/27/EU 14.6.2019 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 158/125. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32019L0944&qid=1566980826823 (accessed on 23 September 2019).
- International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook; OECD: Paris, France, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Lang, B.; Dolan, R.; Kemper, J.; Northey, G. Prosumers in times of crisis: Definition, archetypes and implications. J. Serv. Manag. 2020, 32, 176–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schill, W.P.; Zerrahn, A.; Kunz, F. Prosumage of solar electricity: Pros, cons, and the system perspective. Econ. Energy Environ. Policy 2017, 6, 7–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Green, R.; Staffell, I. Prosumage’ and the British Electricity Market. Econ. Energy Environ. Policy. 2017, 6, 33–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chomać-Pierzecka, E.; Sobczak, A.; Soboń, D. The Potential and Development of the Geothermal Energy Market in Poland and the Baltic States—Selected Aspects. Energies 2022, 15, 4142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lachman, P.; Rączka, J.; Schnell, C.; Wróbel, P. Scenarios of Electrification of Heating in Single-Family Buildings in Poland until 2030, PORT PC, 2020. Available online: https://portpc.pl/pdf/raporty/01-70_Raport_2020_P.pdf (accessed on 18 March 2023).
- Kępińska, B. Overview of the State of Geothermal Energy Use in Poland in 2016–2018, Geological Exploration Technique Geothermal, Sustainable Development No 1/2018. Available online: https://min-pan.krakow.pl/wydawnictwo/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2018/10/02-Kepinska.pdf (accessed on 18 March 2023).
- Chomać-Pierzecka, E.; Kokiel, A.; Rogozi’ nska-Mitrut, J.; Sobczak, A.; Sobo’ n, D.; Stasiak, J. Analysis and Evaluation of the Photovoltaic Market in Poland and the Baltic States. Energies 2022, 15, 669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ślusarczyk, B.; Żegleń, P.; Kluczek, A.; Nizioł, A.; Górka, M. The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on the Economic Growth of Poland and Sweden Considering COVID-19 Times. Energies 2022, 15, 332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chomać-Pierzecka, E.; Sobczak, A.; Soboń, D. Wind Energy Market in Poland in the Background of the Baltic Sea Bordering Countries in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Energies 2022, 15, 2470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brożyna, J.; Striełkowski, W.; Zpěvák, W. Evaluating the Chances of Implementing the “Fit for 55” Green Transition Package in the V4 Countries. Energies 2023, 16, 2764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsabry, A.; Szymanski, K.; Michalak, B. Energy, Economic and Environmental Analysis of Alternative, High-Efficiency Sources of Heat and Energy for Multi-Family Residential Buildings in Order to Increase Energy Efficiency in Poland. Energies 2023, 16, 2673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fraboni, R.; Grazieschi, G.; Pezzutto, S.; Mitterrutzner, B.; Wilczynski, E. Environmental Assessment of Residential Space Heating and Cooling Technologies in Europe: A Review of 11 European Member States. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohdan, A.; Klosa, S.; Romaniuk, U. Fluctuations of Natural Gas Prices for Households in the 2017–2022 Period—Polish Case Study. Energies 2023, 16, 1824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kryszk, H.; Kurowska, K.; Marks-Bielska, R.; Bielski, S.; Eżlakowski, B. Barriers and Prospects for the Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Poland during the Energy Crisis. Energies 2023, 16, 1724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izdebski, W.; Kosiorek, K. Analysis and Evaluation of the Possibility of Electricity Production from Small Photovoltaic Installations in Poland. Energies 2023, 16, 944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fowlie, M.; Meeks, R. The Economics of Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 2021, 15, 238–260. Available online: https://efficiencyforaccess.org/why-efficiency-for-access and http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2023). [CrossRef]
- Nugent, D.; Sovacool, B.K. Assessing the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from solar PV and wind energy: A critical meta-survey. Energy Policy 2014, 65, 229–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, T.S. Low-carbon investment risks and de-risking. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2014, 4, 237–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nemet, G.F. How Solar Energy Became Cheap: A Model for Low-Carbon Innovation; Routledge: London, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Beppler, R.C.; Matisoff, D.C.; Oliver, M.E. Electricity Consumption Changes Following Solar Adoption: Testing for a Solar Rebound. Econ. Inq. 2021, 61, 58–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Egli, F.; Steffen, B.; Schmidt, T.S. A dynamic analysis of financing conditions for renewable energy technologies. Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 1084–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brock, A.; Sovacool, B.K.; Hook, A. Volatile Photovoltaics: Green industrialization, sacrifice zones, and the political ecology of solar energy in Germany. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 2021, 111, 1756–1778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balta-Ozkan, N.; Yildirim, J.; Connor, P.M.; Truckell, I.; Hart, P. Energy transition at local level: Analyzing the role of peer effects and socio-economic factors on UK solar photovoltaic deployment. Energy Policy 2021, 148, 112004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dharshing, S. Household dynamics of technology adoption: A spatial econometric analysis of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Germany. Energy Res. Social Sci. 2017, 23, 113–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenna, E.; Pless, J.; Darby, S.J. Solar photovoltaic self-consumption in the UK residential sector: New estimates from a smart grid demonstration project. Energy Policy 2018, 118, 482–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aarakit, S.M.; Ntayi, J.M.; Wasswa, F.; Adaramola, M.S.; Ssennono, V.F. Adoption of solar photovoltaic systems in households: Evidence from Uganda. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 329, 129619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurata, M.; Matsui, N.; Ikemoto, Y.; Tsuboi, H. Do determinants of adopting solar home systems differ between households and micro-enterprises? Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Renew. Energy 2018, 129, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cross, J.; Murray, D. The afterlives of solar power: Waste and repair off the grid in Kenya. Energy Res. Social Sci. 2018, 44, 100–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Report: Renewables Homepage. Available online: https://w//ww.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf/ (accessed on 18 August 2022).
- Calì, M.; Hajji, B.; Nitto, G.; Acri, A. The Design Value for Recycling End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 9092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Electricity Market. Paper: Moc Zainstalowania Fotowoltaiki w Polsce. Available online: https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-fotowoltaiki-w-polsce/ (accessed on 17 February 2023).
- Instytut Energii Odnawialnej, Poland. Report: Rynek fotowoltaiki w Polsce (2022). Available online: https://ieo.pl/pl/raport-rynek-fotowoltaiki-w-polsce-2022 (accessed on 23 February 2023).
- HPA/PORT PC . Available online: https://portpc.pl/materialy-2022/ (accessed on 20 January 2023).
- Nowak, T. The Secretary General of the European Heat Pump Association (July 2021): Paper: Record Growth for Europes Heat Pump Market in 2021. Available online: https://www.ehpa.org/press_releases/record-growth-for-europes-heat-pump-market-in-2021/ (accessed on 26 February 2023).
- Report: X Congress PORT PC, 2 June 2022, Cracow, Poland, Topic in Polish: 2022 rok—Rokiem pomp ciepła. Available online: https://portpc.pl/pdf/10Kongres/1.6_Lachman_Pawel.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2023).
- Mateo, C.; Cossent, R.; Gómez, T.; Prettico, G.; Frías, P.; Fulli, G.; Meletiou, A.; Postigo, F. Impact of solar PV self-consumption policies on distribution networks and regulatory implications. Sol. Energy 2018, 176, 62–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wim Van Opstal, Anse Smeets. Circular economy strategies as enablers for solar PV adoption in organizational market segments. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 35, 40–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gimeno, J.Á.; Llera-Sastresa, E.; Scarpellini, S. A heuristic approach to the decision-making process of energy prosumers in a circular economy. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, B.; Botha, E.; Robertson, J.; Dolan, R.; Kietzmann, J. How to grow the sharing economy? Create Prosumers! Australas. Mark. J. 2020, 28, 58–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bessa, R.J.; Rua, D.; Abreu, C.; Gonçalves, C.; Reis, M. Data economy for prosumers in a smart grid ecosystem. In Proceedings of the e-Energy’18: The Ninth International Conference on Future Energy Systems, Karlsruhe, Germany, 12–15 June 2018; pp. 622–630. [Google Scholar]
- Kurz, D.; Nowak, A. Analysis of the Impact of the Level of Self-Consumption of Electricity from a Prosumer Photovoltaic Installation on Its Profitability under Different Energy Billing Scenarios in Poland. Energies 2023, 16, 946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Denysiuk, S.; Derevianko, D.; Bielokha, H. Synthesis of Models of the Complex Electric Power Systems. Stud. Syst. Decis. Control. 2023, 220, 107–131. [Google Scholar]
- Borowski, P.F. Digital Transformation and Prosumers Activities in the Energy Sector. Lect. Notes Netw. Syst. 2023, 549, 129–150. [Google Scholar]
- Muqeet HAMunir, H.M.; Javed, H.; Muhammad, S.; Jamil, M.; Guerrero, J.M. An Energy Management System of Campus Microgrids: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges. Energies 2021, 14, 6525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sdrignola, P.; Ricci, M.; Ancona, M.A.; Gianaroli, F.; Capodaglio, C.; Melino, F. Modelling a Prototype of Bidirectional Substation for District Heating with Thermal Prosumers. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Almarzooqui, A.H.; Osman, A.H.; Shabaan Nassar, M. An Exploratory Study of the Perception of Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading within the Power Distribution Network in the UAE. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tenti, P.; Caldognetto, T. Integration of Local and Central Control Empowers Cooperation among Prosumers and Distributors towards Safe, Efficient, and Cost-Effective Operation of Microgrids. Energies 2023, 16, 2320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, A.; Muquet, H.A.; Khan, T.; Hussain, A.; Waseem, M.; Niazi, K.A.K. IoT-Enabled Campus Prosumer Microgrid Energy Management, Architecture, Storage Technologies, and Simulation Tools: A Comprehensive Study. Energies 2023, 16, 1863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, B.; Xu, Q.; Zhao, Q.; Guo, X.; Zhang, Y.; Chi, J.; Li, C. A Prosumer Power Prediction Method Based on Dynamic Segmented Curve Matching and Trend Feature Perception. Sustainability 2023, 15, 3376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuźmiński, Ł.; Halama, A.; Nadolny, M.; Dynowska, J. Economic Instruments and the Vision of Prosumer Energy in Poland. Analysis of the Potential Impacts of the “My Electricity” Program. Energies 2023, 16, 1680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mir-Artigues, P.; del Río, P.; Gil-Estallo, A. Regulation of photovoltaic prosumer plants: An analysis through a dynamic expression of the avoided cost. Energy Rep. 2023, 9, 2002–2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mumbere, K.S.; Sasaki, Y.; Yorino, N.; Zoka, Y.; Tanioka, Y.; Bedawy, A. A Resilient Prosumer Model for Microgrid Communities with High PV Penetration. Energies 2023, 16, 621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jakimowicz, A. The Energy Transition as a Super Wicked Problem: The Energy Sector in the Era of Prosumer Capitalism. Energies 2022, 15, 9109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jakimowicz, A. The Future of the Energy Sector and the Global Economy: Prosumer Capitalism and What Comes Next. Energies 2022, 15, 9120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaudhry, S.; Surmann, A.; Kühnbach, M.; Pierie, F. Renewable Energy Communities as Modes of Collective Prosumership: A Multi-Disciplinary Assessment Part II—Case Study. Energies 2022, 15, 8936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, S.D.; Garcia, V.J. Transactive energy in microgrid communities: A systematic review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2023, 171, 112999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bieszk-Stolorz, B. Impact of Subsidy Programmes on the Development of the Number and Output of RES Micro-Installations in Poland. Energies 2022, 15, 9357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wicki, L.; Pietrzykowski, R.; Kusz, D. Factors Determining the Development of Prosumer Photovoltaic Installations in Poland. Energies 2022, 15, 5897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gronier, T.; Franquet, E.; Gibout, S. Platform for transverse evaluation of control strategies for multi-energy smart grids. Smart Energy 2022, 7, 100079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gržanić, M.; Capuder, T.; Zhang, N.; Huang, W. Prosumers as active market participants: A systematic review of evolution of opportunities, models and challenges. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 154, 111859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sivaranjani, R.; Rao, P.M. Smart energy optimization using new genetic algorithms in Smart Grids with the integration of renewable energy sources. In Sustainable Networks in Smart Grid; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2022; pp. 121–147. [Google Scholar]
- Lopez, S.R.; Gutierrez-Alcaraz, G.; Javadi, M.S.; Osorio, G.J.; Catalao, J.P.S. Flexibility Participation by Prosumers in Active Distribution Network Operation, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2022 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, EEEIC / I and CPS Europe 2022. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9854631 (accessed on 5 March 2023).
- Yang, C.; Liu, J.; Liao, H.; Liang, G.; Zhao, J. An improved carbon emission flow method for the power grid with prosumers. Energy Rep. 2023, 9, 114–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tostado-Véliz, M.; Rezaee Jordehi, A.; Icaza, D.; Mansouri, S.A.; Jurado, F. Optimal participation of prosumers in energy communities through a novel stochastic-robust day-ahead scheduling model. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2023, 147, 108854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Ge, S.; Xu, Z.; Wang, C.; Cheng, X. A network-secure peer-to-peer trading framework for electricity-carbon integrated market among local prosumers. Appl. Energy 2023, 335, 120420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Symiakakis, M.S.; Kanellos, F.D. Towards the detailed modeling of deregulated electricity markets comprising Smart prosumers and peer to peer energy trading. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2023, 217, 109158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, S.; Huang, G.; Lai, A.C.K. Coordinated energy management for commercial prosumers integrated with distributed stationary storages and EV fleets. Energy Build. 2023, 282, 112773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, D.; Qi, S.; Xu, T. In the post-subsidy era: How to encourage mere consumers to become prosumers when subsidy reduced? Energy Policy 2023, 174, 113451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Postnikov, I. Methods for the reliability optimization of district-distributed heating systems with prosumers. Energy Rep. 2023, 9, 584–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Wang, Z.; Mu, Y.; Deng, Y.; Jia, H. Rolling horizon optimization for real-time operation of prosumers with Peer-to-Peer energy trading. Energy Rep. 2023, 9, 321–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manna, C.; Sanjab, A. A decentralized stochastic bidding strategy for aggregators of prosumers in electricity reserve markets. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 389, 135962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Tanaka, M.; Takashima, R. Death spiral, transmission charges, and prosumers in the electricity market. Appl. Energy 2023, 332, 120488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopez, H.K.; Zilouchian, A. Peer-to-peer energy trading for photo-voltaic prosumers. Energy 2023, 263, 125563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Cheng, G.; Zhu, J.; Che, Y. Grid-friendly energy prosumers based on the energy router with load switching functionality. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2023, 144, 108496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, D.; Xiao, H.; Pei, W.; Sun, H.; Ye, S. A novel deep learning based peer-to-peer transaction method for prosumers under two-stage market environment. IET Smart Grid 2022, 5, 430–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Volpato, G.; Carraro, G.; Cont, M.; Rech, S.; Lazzaretto, A. General guidelines for the optimal economic aggregation of prosumers in energy communities. Energy 2022, 258, 124800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Z.; Verbič, G.; Guerrero, J. Multi-period dynamic tariffs for prosumers participating in virtual power plants. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2022, 212, 108478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, R.; Yan, X.; Liu, N. Hybrid energy sharing considering network cost for prosumers in integrated energy systems. Appl. Energy 2022, 323, 119627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zomorodi Moghadam, A.; Javidi, M.H. Designing a two-stage transactive energy system for future distribution networks in the presence of prosumers’ P2P transactions. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2022, 211, 108202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lomascolo-Pujadó, A.; Martínez-García, H. Contribution to Collaborative Electricity Microgrid Management Strategies of Domestic Prosumers. Renew. Energy Power Qual. J. 2022, 20, 635–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Culiberg, B.; Rojšek, I. Understanding environmental consciousness: A multidimensional perspective. Available online: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/441713910 (accessed on 16 June 2022).
- Jaciow, M.; Rudawska, E.; Sagan, A.; Tkaczyk, J.; Wolny, R. The Influence of Environmental Awareness on Responsible Energy Consumption—The Case of Households in Poland. Energies 2022, 15, 5339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stern, P.C.; Dietz, T.; Kalof, L.; Guagnano, G.A. Values, Beliefs and Proenvironmental Action: Attitude Formation toward Emergent Attitude Objects. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 1995, 25, 1611–1636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Douglas, M.; Wildavsky, A. Risk and Culture; University of California Press: Berkeley, UK; Los Angeles, CA, USA; London, UK, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, J. A refutation of environmental ethics. Environ. Ethics 1990, 12, 147–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Şanta, A.M.I. Prosumers—A New Mindset for Citizens in Smart Cities. Smart Cities 2022, 5, 1409–1420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diahovchenko, I.; Petrichenko, L. Comparative Analysis of Power Distribution Systems with Individual Prosumers Owing Photovoltaic Installations and Solar Energy Communities in Terms of Profitability and Hosting Capacity. Energies 2022, 15, 8837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baar, W.; Bauso, D. Mean Field Games on Prosumers. Oper. Res. Forum 2022, 3, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stankuniene, G. Energy Saving in Households: A Systematic Literature Review. Eur. J. Interdiscip. Stud. 2021, 13, 45–56. [Google Scholar]
- Dimitroulis, P.; Alamaniotis, M. Multimodal energy management system for residential building prosumers utilizing various lifestyles. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2022, 213, 108732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavraro, G.; Bernstein, A.; Carli, R.; Zampieri, S. Feedback Power Cost Optimization in Power Distribution Networks With Prosumers. IEEE Trans. Control. Netw. Syst. 2022, 9, 1633–1644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, W.P.; Han, D.; Won, D. Grid-Oriented Coordination Strategy of Prosumers Using Game-theoretic Peer-to-Peer Trading Framework in Energy Community. Appl. Energy 2022, 326, 119980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, C.; Faria, P.; Ribeiro, B.; Gomes, L.; Vale, Z. Demand Response Contextual Remuneration of Prosumers with Distributed Storage. Sensors 2022, 22, 8877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Silva, W.N.; Henrique, L.F.; Silva, A.F.P.D.C.; Dias, B.H.; Soares, T.A. Market models and optimization techniques to support the decision-making on demand response for prosumers. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2022, 210, 108059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Żuk, P.; Żuk, P. Prosumers in Action: The Analysis of Social Determinants of Photovoltaic Development and Prosumer Strategies in Poland. Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy 2022, 12, 294–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schick, C.; Klempp, N.; Hufendiek, K. Role and Impact of Prosumers in a Sector-Integrated Energy System with High Renewable Shares. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2022, 37, 3286–3298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Cao, X.; Zhang, S. Shared energy storage system for prosumers in a community: Investment decision, economic operation, and benefits allocation under a cost-effective way. J. Energy Storage 2022, 50, 104710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Odashiro, T.; Hara, R.; Kita, H. Merit Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Between Prosumers. IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2022, 17, 908–916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khorasany, M.; Shokri Gazafroudi, A.; Razzaghi, R.; Morstyn, T.; Shafie-khah, M. A framework for participation of prosumers in peer-to-peer energy trading and flexibility markets. Appl. Energy 2022, 314, 118907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, P.; Yang, G.; Hu, J.; Douglass, P.J.; Xue, Y. A Distributed Transactive Energy Mechanism for Integrating PV and Storage Prosumers in Market Operation. Engineering 2022, 12, 171–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaiser, F.G.; Wilson, M. Goal-directed conservation behaviour: The specific composition of a general performance. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2004, 36, 1531–1544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khare, A. Consumers’ susceptibility to interpersonal influence as a determining factor of ecologically conscious behaviour. Mark. Intell. Plan. 2014, 32, 2–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CBOS. Świadomość Ekologiczna Polaków. 2020. Available online: https://www.cbos.pl/PL/publikacje/raporty.php (accessed on 20 May 2022).
- RWE Polska. Świadomość Energetyczna Polaków. 2013. Available online: https://kipdf.com/wiadomo-energetyczna-polakow_5aff65a48ead0e67878b45e1.html (accessed on 20 May 2022).
- Lew, G.; Sadowska, B.; Chudy-Laskowska, K.; Zimon, G.; Wójcik-Jurkiewicz, M. Influence of Photovoltaic Development on Decarbonization of Power Generation—Example of Poland. Energies 2021, 14, 7819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartczak, K.; Łobejko, S. The Implementation Environment for a Digital Technology Platform of Renewable Energy Sources. Energies 2022, 15, 5793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffmann-Burdzińska, K.; Stolecka-Makowska, A.; Flak, O.; Lipowski, M.; Łapczyński, M. Consumers’ Social Responsibility in the Process of Energy Consumption—The Case of Poland. Energies 2022, 15, 5127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woźniak, M.; Kud, K.; Badora, A.; Woźniak, L. Electricity Production and Consumption Perspectives in the Opinion of the Youth of South-Eastern Poland. Energies 2022, 15, 4776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosak-Szyrocka, J.; Żywiołek, J.; Mrowiec, M. Analysis of Customer Satisfaction with the Quality of Energy Market Services in Poland. Energies 2022, 15, 3622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Zhu, W. Residential mobility and household energy-saving appliances purchasing behaviour in urban areas: Evidence from China. Energy Rep. 2023, 9, 387–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aniello, G.; Bertsch, V. Shaping the energy transition in the residential sector: Regulatory incentives for aligning household and system perspectives. Appl. Energy 2023, 333, 120582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al Essa, M.J.M. Energy assessments of a photovoltaic-wind-battery system for residential appliances in Iraq. J. Energy Storage 2023, 59, 106514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clift, D.H.; Stanley, C.; Hasan, K.N.; Rosengarten, G. Assessment of advanced demand response value streams for water heaters in renewable-rich electricity markets. Energy 2023, 267, 126577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le-Anh, T.; Nguyen, M.D.; Nguyen, T.T.; Duong, K.T. Energy saving intention and behaviour under behavioural reasoning perspectives. Energy Effic. 2023, 16, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajdzik, B.; Wolniak, R.; Grebski, W.W. Electricity and Heat Demand in Steel Industry Technological Processes in Industry 4.0 Conditions. Energies 2023, 16, 787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajdzik, B.; Wolniak, R.; Grebski, W.W. An Econometric Model of the Operation of the Steel Industry in Poland in the Context of Process Heat and Energy Consumption. Energies 2022, 15, 7909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajdzik, B.; Wolniak, R. Digitalisation and innovation in the steel industry in Poland—Selected tools of ICT in an analysis of statistical data and a case study. Energies 2021, 14, 3034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visser, M.; Schoormans, J. Get rid of the eco-button! Design interventions to steer sustainable use of washing machines. Clean. Responsible Consum. 2023, 8, 100096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, P.; Xie, J.; Ji, Y.; Zhao, S.; Jing, P. Winter indoor thermal environment and heating demand of low-quality centrally heated houses in cold climates. Appl. Energy 2023, 331, 120480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, Z.; Zhang, X.; Li, Y.; Strbac, G. Values of coordinated residential space heating in demand response provision. Appl. Energy 2023, 330, 120353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peñasco, C.; Anadón, L.D. Assessing the effectiveness of energy efficiency measures in the residential sector gas consumption through dynamic treatment effects: Evidence from England and Wales. Energy Econ. 2023, 117, 106435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meles, T.H.; Ryan, L. Adoption of renewable home heating systems: An agent-based model of heat pumps in Ireland. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 169, 112853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barwińska Małajowicz, A.; Knapková, M.; Szczotka, K.; Martinkovičová, M.; Pyrek, R. Energy Efficiency Policies in Poland and Slovakia in the Context of Individual Well-Being. Energies 2023, 16, 116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bustamante-Gonzales, J.D.; Chumpitaz-Caycho, H.E.; Cordova-Buiza, F. Home Automation System and Quality of Life in Low-Income Households: A Systematic Review of the Literature from 2010 to 2021. Lect. Notes Netw. Syst. 2023, 447, 423–430. [Google Scholar]
- Imu, N.J.; Ezeamama, A.; Matemilola, S. Assessment of energy and emissions saving impact of solar PV modules: A case study of Bangladesh. Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adapt. 2022, 40, 608–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kettner, C.; Kratena, K.; Sommer, M. The socio-economic impact of renewable electricity generation with prosumer activity. Elektrotechnik Und Inf. 2022, 139, 624–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, X.; Yang, Y.; Du, K.; Cheng, Z. How does residential electricity consumption respond to electricity efficiency improvement? Evidence from 287 prefecture-level cities in China. Energy Policy 2022, 171, 113302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Khozondar, H.J.; El-batta, F. Solar energy implementation at the household level: Gaza Strip case study. Energy Sustain. Soc. 2022, 12, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, S.P.; Thondhlana, G.; Kua, H.W. Behavioural interventions yield electricity savings among high-income households in Johannesburg, South Africa. Energy Environ. 2022, 33, 1508–1523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sari, D.P.; Pmassang, J.L. Effect of Modern Lifestyles on Household Electricity Consumption in Indonesia. In AIP Conference Proceedings; AIP Publishing LLC: Melville, NY, USA, 2022; p. 040018. [Google Scholar]
- Fikru, M.G. Zero lost profit principle for solar compensation and its impact on bill savings. Appl. Energy 2022, 26, 119997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonçalves, L.; Patrício, L. From smart technologies to value cocreation and customer engagement with smart energy services. Energy Policy 2022, 170, 113249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sroka, W.; Cygler, J.; Gajdzik, B. The Transfer of Knowledge in Intra-Organizational Networks: A Case Study Analysis. Organizacija 2014, 47, 23–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stikvoort, B.; Bartusch, C.; Juslin, P. Different strokes for different folks? Comparing pro-environmental intentions between electricity consumers and solar prosumers in Sweden. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2020, 69, 101552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graczyk, A.M.; Kusterka-Jefmańska, M.; Jefmański, B.; Graczyk, A. Pro-Ecological Energy Attitudes towards Renewable Energy Investments before the Pandemic and European Energy Crisis:A Segmentation-Based Approach. Energies 2023, 16, 707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kieżel, M.; Piotrowski, P.; Wiechoczek, J. Pro-ecological Behaviours of Polish Consumers. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on research in Business, Management and Economics, Vienna, Austria, 3–5 December 2019; Available online: https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/7021.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2023).
- Mangolini, A. Prosumer Behaviour in Emerging Electricity Systems, Doctoral Programme in Energy Systems—XXVIII Cycle, 2017. Available online: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84253289.pdf (accessed on 15 January 2023).
- Nordlund, A.M.; Garvill, J. Value Structures behind Proenvironmental Behaviour. Environ. Behav. 2016, 34, 740–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braito, M. Energy Prosumers’ Spillovers and the Policy Effect: Comparing Two Alpine Valleys in Styria and South Tyrol. In Alpine Landgesellschaften zwischen Urbanisierung und Globalisierung; Larcher, M., Schmid, E., Eds.; Springer VS: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grabowska, S.; Saniuk, S.; Gajdzik, B. Industry 5.0: Improving humanization and sustainability of Industry 4.0. Scientometrics 2022, 127, 3117–3144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shmeleva, I.A.; Shmelev, S.E. How sustainable is smart and how smart is sustainable? Sustain. Cities Reimagined 2019, 316–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajdzik, B.; Grabowska, S.; Saniuk, S.; Wieczorek, T. Sustainable Development and Industry 4.0: A Bibliometric Analysis Identifying Key Scientific Problems of the Sustainable Industry 4.0. Energies 2020, 13, 4254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martynov, V.V.; Shavaleeva, D.N.; Zaytseva, A.A. Information Technology as the Basis for Transformation into a Digital Society and Industry 5.0. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference Quality Management, Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies IT and QM and IS 2019, Sochy, Russia, 22–23 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar, R.; Gupta, P.; Singh, S.; Jain, D. Human Empowerment by Industry 5.0 in Digital Era: Analysis of Enablers. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering; Springer: Singapore, 2021; pp. 401–410. [Google Scholar]
- Carayannis, E.G.; Dezi, L.; Gregori, G.; Calò, E. Smart Environments and Techno-centric and Human-Centric Innovations for Industry and Society 5.0: A Quintuple Helix Innovation System View Towards Smart, Sustainable, and Inclusive Solutions. J. Knowl. Econ. 2022, 13, 926–955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristic | Item | Households with PV % | Households with HP % |
---|---|---|---|
Number of household members | 1 person | 3.8 | 3.5 |
2 persons | 13.7 | 18.2 | |
3 persons | 14.8 | 25.9 | |
4 persons | 38.8 | 30.1 | |
5 persons | 18.8 | 12.6 | |
6 persons and more | 10.9 | 9.8 | |
Self-assessment of the material situation | Very bad | 0.5 | 0.7 |
Bad | 2.2 | 2.1 | |
Sufficient | 18 | 28 | |
Good | 60.1 | 44.1 | |
Very good | 19.1 | 25.2 | |
Place of residence | Rural area | 51.4 | 30.1 |
City, up to 100,000 residents | 25.1 | 32.2 | |
City, 101,000–500,000 residents | 15.3 | 22.4 | |
City, over 501,000 residents | 8.2 | 15.4 | |
Property type | Detached house | 82 | 69.2 |
Terraced house | 13.1 | 17.5 | |
Flat in a multi-family building | 4.9 | 13.3 | |
Usable floor space | Minimum | 50 | 40 |
Maximum | 497 | 650 | |
Mean | 160.51 | 167.14 | |
Median | 150 | 140 |
No. | Item (Q) | 1—Never Do This | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5—Always Do This |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | We leave our electric devices in a state of readiness in my household. | 11.9 | 34.1 | 24.1 | 17.5 | 12.5 |
Q2 | When we are not using them, we unplug chargers for mobile devices such as tablets, phones, and laptops from sockets. | 8.6 | 25.9 | 18.8 | 17.6 | 29.0 |
Q3 | When leaving a room, we switch off the light. | 0.6 | 5.6 | 11.2 | 22.1 | 60.4 |
Q4 | During the winter season, we keep the windows open for extended periods to allow fresh air to circulate. | 19.3 | 44.1 | 18.0 | 11.5 | 7.1 |
Q5 | I would rather take a shower than a bath. | 3.1 | 6,9 | 17,0 | 26,7 | 46.2 |
Q6 | We wait until we have a full load of laundry before doing it. | 2.2 | 4.7 | 15.0 | 23.1 | 55.1 |
Q7 | I wash dirty clothes without prewashing. | 4.7 | 8.5 | 17.7 | 23.3 | 45.7 |
Q8 | I request fresh towels on a daily basis when staying in hotels. | 45.2 | 27.4 | 14.5 | 5.3 | 7.6 |
Q9 | I use a clothes dryer. | 50.4 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 16.0 | 13.8 |
Q10 | In winter, I turn down the heat when I leave my apartment for more than 4 h. | 31.7 | 22.4 | 16.3 | 10.9 | 18.6 |
Q11 | In winter, I keep the heat on so that I do not have to wear a sweater. | 19.5 | 28.9 | 24.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 |
Q12 | We utilize the ECO function of our washing machine/dishwasher. | 3.2 | 13.8 | 25.7 | 21.9 | 35.4 |
Q13 | We boil only the amount of water in the kettle that we need at one time. | 6.0 | 18.2 | 23.8 | 22.6 | 29.5 |
Q14 | We use lids while cooking. | 0.6 | 6.9 | 22.5 | 27.5 | 42.5 |
Q15 | I ensure that any new household appliances or electronic devices I purchase are of the highest energy efficiency rating. | 2.2 | 9.2 | 19.3 | 23.4 | 45.9 |
Q16 | I bought energy-saving light bulbs that were more expensive upfront. | 1.3 | 5.6 | 14.1 | 24.8 | 54.2 |
Q17 | I own energy-efficient household devices. | 0.6 | 13.6 | 27.4 | 25.2 | 33.1 |
Q18 | We only open the refrigerator when it is necessary and ensure to never leave it open for any reason. | 0.6 | 6.3 | 11.6 | 16.7 | 64.8 |
Q19 | I ensure that the refrigerator is cleaned and defrosted on a regular basis. | 2.2 | 18.2 | 25.2 | 23.6 | 30.7 |
Q20 | I follow the manufacturer’s recommendations to use the least amount of electricity when placing products in the fridge. | 15.8 | 20.2 | 21.1 | 19.6 | 23.3 |
Q21 | I run the dishwasher only when it is fully loaded. | 1.3 | 4.0 | 10.4 | 17.8 | 66.4 |
No. | Item | Dominance | % |
---|---|---|---|
Q9 | I use a clothes dryer. | 1 | 50.4 |
Q8 | I request fresh towels on a daily basis when staying in hotels. | 1 | 45.2 |
Q10 | In winter, I turn down the heat when I leave my apartment for more than 4 h. | 1 | 31.7 |
Q1 | We leave our electric devices in a state of readiness in my household. | 2 | 34.1 |
Q4 | During the winter season, we keep the windows open for extended periods to allow fresh air to circulate. | 2 | 44.1 |
Q11 | In winter, I keep the heat on so that I do not have to wear a sweater. | 4 | 28.9 |
Q20 | I follow the manufacturer’s recommendations to use the least amount of electricity when placing products in the fridge. | 5 | 23.3 |
Q2 | When we are not using them, we unplug chargers for mobile devices such as tablets, phones, and laptops from sockets. | 5 | 29 |
Q13 | We boil only the amount of water in the kettle that we need at one time. | 5 | 29.5 |
Q19 | I ensure that the refrigerator is cleaned and defrosted on a regular basis. | 5 | 30.7 |
Q17 | I own energy-efficient household devices. | 5 | 33.1 |
Q12 | We utilize the ECO function of our washing machine/dishwasher. | 5 | 35.4 |
Q14 | We use lids while cooking. | 5 | 42.5 |
Q7 | I wash dirty clothes without prewashing. | 5 | 45.7 |
Q15 | I ensure that any new household appliances or electronic devices I purchase are of the highest energy efficiency rating. | 5 | 45.9 |
Q5 | I would rather take a shower than a bath. | 5 | 46.2 |
Q16 | I bought energy-saving light bulbs that were more expensive upfront. | 5 | 54.2 |
Q6 | We wait until we have a full load of laundry before doing it. | 5 | 55.1 |
Q3 | When leaving a room, we switch off the light. | 5 | 60.4 |
Q18 | We only open the refrigerator when it is necessary and ensure to never leave it open for any reason. | 5 | 64.8 |
Q21 | I run the dishwasher only when it is fully loaded. | 5 | 66.4 |
Ho | α = 0.05 | Decision |
---|---|---|
The distribution of Q1 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.014 | Reject Ho |
The distribution of Q2 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.068 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q3 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.204 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q4 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.173 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q5 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.309 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q6 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.017 | Reject Ho |
The distribution of Q7 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.122 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q8 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.933 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q9 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.497 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q10 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.947 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q11 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.656 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q12 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.865 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q13 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.563 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q14 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.384 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q15 is the same for the prosumer category. | 1.000 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q16 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.201 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q17 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.645 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q18 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.890 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q19 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.418 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q20 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.973 | Accept Ho |
The distribution of Q21 is the same for the prosumer category. | 0.986 | Accept Ho |
Respondents/Prosumers in Our Research | % |
---|---|
Electricity prosumers (Segment 1: S1 _PV) | |
S1_1_PV: prosumers trying to use electrical appliances only when the PV panels produce electricity | 56.1 |
S1__2_PV: prosumers using electrical appliances regardless of whether the PV panels generate electricity | 43.9 |
Prosumers of thermal energy (Segment 2: S2_HP) | |
S2_1_HP: prosumers heating their premises without paying attention to heating costs | 33.1 |
S2_2_HP: prosumers with efficient space heating | 66.9 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gajdzik, B.; Jaciow, M.; Wolniak, R.; Wolny, R.; Grebski, W.W. Energy Behaviors of Prosumers in Example of Polish Households. Energies 2023, 16, 3186. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073186
Gajdzik B, Jaciow M, Wolniak R, Wolny R, Grebski WW. Energy Behaviors of Prosumers in Example of Polish Households. Energies. 2023; 16(7):3186. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073186
Chicago/Turabian StyleGajdzik, Bożena, Magdalena Jaciow, Radosław Wolniak, Robert Wolny, and Wieslaw Wes Grebski. 2023. "Energy Behaviors of Prosumers in Example of Polish Households" Energies 16, no. 7: 3186. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073186