Microstructure and First Hydrogenation Properties of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr Alloy for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24
Hydrogen Research Institute, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A5H7, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5360; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145360
Submission received: 3 June 2023
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Revised: 4 July 2023
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Accepted: 11 July 2023
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Published: 14 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Element 1 for Sustainable Decarbonization and Net-Zero Economy: Progress in Generation, Storage, Distribution and End-Use Technologies)
Abstract
:In body-centered cubic (BCC) alloys of transition elements, elemental addition or substitution in the vanadium-based alloys can be beneficial for improving the hydrogen storage properties and for reducing the production cost. In this context, the current study focused on the effect of the substitution of Cr by Fe in Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys where x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. The microstructure of each alloy was composed of a matrix having a chemical composition close to the nominal one and a Zr-rich region. From X-ray diffraction patterns, it was found that the matrix has a BCC structure, and the Zr-rich regions present the C14 Laves phase structure. The lattice parameter of BCC phases decreased linearly with x, in accordance with Vegard’s law. The measurement of the first hydrogenation at 298 K under 3 MPa of hydrogen revealed a decrease in the maximum hydrogen capacity: 3.8 wt.% for x = 0, 3.1 wt.% for x = 4 and around 2 wt.% for x = 8 to 24. The XRD patterns after hydrogenation showed a BCT phase for all alloys, with a C14 phase for x = 4, 8, 12 and with C14 and C15 for x = 16, 20 and 24.
1. Introduction
When addressing the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, it is crucial to consider its transportation and safe storage. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of metal hydrides for storing hydrogen [1,2,3,4,5]. Metal hydrides are attractive due to their high volumetric hydrogen density at ambient temperature and moderate pressures [6]. Vanadium-based alloys with body-centerd cubic (BCC) structures are considered promising metal hydrides because of their high hydrogen storage capacity of ~4 wt.%, which is better than AB2 and AB5 alloys [7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. However, there are still major issues that prevent their practical use: poor first hydrogenation, complex thermodynamics, low cyclic hydrogen capacity and high cost [14]. Several studies, mainly based on elemental addition or substitution, have been done to solve these drawbacks [5,15,16,17,18,19]. Additives such as Fe, Zr and Mn have been found to be effective in lowering cost and enhancing the overall performance of the Ti-V-Cr system [20,21,22,23,24,25,26].
Yoo et al. have studied the influence of Mn and Fe on the hydrogen storage properties of the Ti0.32Cr0.43V0.25 alloy. A fraction of the Cr was replaced with Mn or a combination of Mn and Fe. They reported that the addition of Mn alone increased the effective hydrogen storage capacity while the plateau pressure showed no significant change. However, when Fe was added with Mn, both the effective hydrogen storage capacity and the plateau pressure increased [27]. Aoki et al. have investigated the improvement of cyclic durability of Ti12Cr23V65 alloy by Fe substitutions. They found out that the unsubstituted alloy desorbed 2.19 wt.% of hydrogen while the one with a small amount of Fe (Ti12Cr23V64Fe1) desorbed 2.34 wt.%. The X-ray diffraction profiles of the alloys suggest that Fe substitution inhibits the increase in the lattice strain and the decrease in the crystallite size accompanied by hydrogen absorption and desorption. This inhibition is most likely the reason for the improvement of cyclability by Fe substitution [28]. Cho et al. have studied the hydrogen storage characteristics of (Ti0.16Zr0.05Cr0.22V0.57)1−xFex (x = 0 to 0.10) at 303 K. They reported that the maximum hydrogen storage capacity decreased with increasing Fe quantity while the second plateau pressures in the pressure composition isotherms (PCI) increased. However, the first plateau was not observed in all alloys under their measuring conditions [29]. While studying the influence of Fe on the structure and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-V-based metal hydrides, Nygard et al. reported that the addition of iron reduced the unit cell, consequently, the hydrogen capacity decreased for (Ti0.7V0.3)1−zFez alloys for z ∈ {0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3} [30] This reduction in both lattice parameters and hydrogen capacity was also observed while studying the hydrogen storage properties of Ti-Zr-Cr-Fe-V based alloys rich in titanium [31].
In this study, the effects of gradually replacing Cr with Fe on hydrogen storage properties on vanadium-rich Ti-V-Cr alloys are reported. The work focused on the microstructure, the crystal structure and the first hydrogenation behavior. In a previous investigation, we found that adding 4 wt.% of zirconium to the alloy Ti16V60Cr24 made the first hydrogenation at room temperature possible [32]. Therefore, 4 wt.% Zr has been added to all alloys in the present study.
2. Materials and Methods
All elements used in this investigation were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA): Ti sponge (99.95%), V pieces (99.7%), Cr pieces (99.97%), Fe pieces (99.9) and Zr sponge (99.5%). After mixing raw materials in the desired amount, each alloy was synthesized by arc melting under argon to avoid any oxidation of the material. Each ingot of 3 g was turned over and melted three times to ensure homogeneity. Each pellet was hand-crushed in an argon-filled glovebox, using a hardened steel mortar and a pestle. The chemical compositions were Ti16V60Cr1−xFex+ 4 wt.% Zr where x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.
A little piece of each sample is mounted in epoxy, polished with a series of abrasive discs until a mirror surface is obtained. Then, the alloys microstructure was studied using a Hitachi Su1510 (Mississauga, QN, Canada) scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) apparatus The fraction of each region appearing in the micrographs was determined by ImageJ software (version 1.50I) [33].
X-ray diffraction patterns before and after hydrogenation were acquired using a Brucker D8 Focus (Madison, WI, USA) diffractometer with Cu radiation. Each pattern was refined with Topas software (Version 6) to determine the crystallographic parameters such as the lattice parameter, crystallite size and microstrain [34].
Hydrogenation measurements were carried out by using a homemade Sievert-type apparatus based on the volumetric method. It is a gas sorption measurement device (with a fixed known volume) where the quantity of hydrogen absorbed or desorbed by a sample is determined by the change in pressure [35]. The first hydrogenation was done at room temperature, under 3 MPa of hydrogen pressure. Before hydrogenation, the powder was first filled in the reactor and then kept under dynamic vacuum for 30 mn at room temperature before measurement.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure
A previous investigation showed that the alloy Ti16V60Cr24 is composed of a matrix of BCC phase and a bright secondary phase [32]. Figure 1 shows the micrographs of the Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. The chemical composition of each alloy was confirmed by EDX measurements to be equal to the nominal value. The abundance of each phase was measured by ImageJ and listed in Table 1. The proportion of the secondary phase increased with an increasing proportion of Fe.
Figure 2 presents the maps of all alloys, highlighting the repartition of each element. All compositions containing Fe show two regions: a gray shade matrix (Point 1) and bright regions. The elemental maps indicate that the bright region is inhomogeneous, being composed of two levels of brightness which differ mainly in the zirconium concentration. They are identified as secondary phase 1 (Point 2) and secondary phase 2 (Point 3). This contrast may be explained by the fact that in arc melting, the pellet is mainly cooled from the bottom up. Therefore, there may be some differences in the cooling rate from one place in the ingot to another one. For x = 8 and 16, Ti precipitates (Point 4) are observed. From x = 4, the secondary phase is forming islands within the matrix. At x = 16, the percolation point is reached.
EDS analysis has been performed to measure the chemical composition of each phase. The chemical compositions of Points 1–4 are listed in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5, respectively. From x = 0 to x = 20, the matrix phase (Point 1, Table 1) has a composition very close to the nominal one except for zirconium which is lower than 0.6 at.% while the nominal value is around 2 at.%. For x = 24 the amount of titanium is lower than the nominal and vanadium is higher.
Regarding the bright phase with a higher Zr proportion (Point 2, Table 3), titanium and zirconium are its main elements. Vanadium, chromium, and iron are in much smaller proportions. Titanium proportion is relatively constant with x while zirconium proportion somewhat changes. But together, zirconium and titanium count for between 70% and 92% of this phase. Considering that zirconium and titanium are totally miscible, a variation in the relative proportion of titanium and zirconium may not be surprising.
The bright phase with a lower Zr proportion (Point 3, Table 4) has a high concentration of titanium, vanadium, and iron. The zirconium content is decreasing with an increasing amount of iron.
Ti precipitates (Table 5) are made of a high concentration of titanium, an equal proportion of vanadium and zirconium and a low content of chromium and iron.
In the matrix and secondary phases, the proportion of Zr changes with the x value despite the fact that the amount of Zr in the bulk is constant at 4 wt.%. This could be explained by the proportion of Zr that decreases in some phases and increases in others. The relative amount of the phases also changes; therefore, all these phenomena compensate each other and the total amount of Zr is constant. Still, the general observation about zirconium is that it does not associate with the matrix phase and “prefer” to be in the secondary phases.
3.2. Crystal Structure
Figure 3 shows XRD patterns of as-cast Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0 to 24. For x = 0, 4 and 8, they all consist of a single BCC phase. From x = 12, two phases are present in the diffraction patterns: a BCC phase and a C14-type Laves phase appeared. Moreover, the diffraction peaks of alloys containing Fe slightly shifted toward higher angles. For all alloys, we were expecting peaks that correspond to the secondary phase seen in SEM. However, the XRD patterns of x = 4 and x = 8 only showed a pure BCC phase. This may be due to the low abundance of the secondary phase that makes it difficult to detect by X-ray diffraction. Further investigation such as neutron diffraction measurements needs to be done to better understand the crystal structure of the secondary phase.
The abundance of each phase structure is given in Table 6. Referring to the SEM results, the BCC phase is related to the matrix while the C14 phase could be associated with the low-Zr concentration secondary phase. Compared to Table 1, x = 12 and 16 have a higher proportion of the secondary phase.
The crystallographic parameters of the BCC phase of all compositions are summarized in Table 7. With increasing Fe content, the lattice parameter of the BCC decreased linearly as seen in Figure 4. This reduction is in accordance with Vegard’s law and can be explained by the fact that the metallic radius of Fe (1.274 Å) is smaller than that of Cr (1.36 Å) [36]. The microstrain is also decreasing with increasing x.
A C14 Laves phase was identified in the patterns for x = 12 to 24. This phase should have an AB2 stoichiometry where the ideal atomic radius ratio rA/rB = 1.225 [37]. However, the range of stability is 1.19 < rA/rB < 1.32 [38]. The atomic radius of all elements are: Ti (1.462 Å), V (1.346 Å), Cr (1.36 Å), Fe (1.274 Å) and Zr (1.602 Å) [36]. Thus, we see that zirconium is certainly on the A site with vanadium, chromium and iron certainly on the B site. The case of Ti is more complicated because, as it has an intermediate atomic radius, it could occupy both A and B sites in a quaternary Laves phase [39]. From the EDS results, only the secondary phase 2 (Table 4) has stoichiometry that could fit the AB2 scheme. However, for x = 12 and 16 the sum of Ti and Zr abundance is more than 33 at.%. Therefore, Ti atoms should be on the B site. This will most likely make this phase metastable. This metastability is probably the reason for the different chemical compositions of Points 2 and 3 seen by EDS. We intend to submit these alloys to heat treatment and also to perform neutron diffraction in order to check the metastability and the exact nature of the C14 phase.
Crystallographic parameters of the C14 phase are given in Table 8. The lattice parameter of the C14 is also decreasing with an increasing Fe proportion. This is probably due to the fact that the proportion of Zr atom is decreasing with x.
3.3. First Hydrogenation
The activation process was done at 298 K, under 3 MPa of hydrogen pressure. The results are given in Figure 5. The Ti16V60Cr24 + 4 wt.% Zr alloy absorbed 3.8 wt.% of hydrogen. For x = 4, the maximum hydrogen capacity dropped to 3.1 wt.%. Then, for x = 8 to 24, the hydrogen capacity decreased again and remained at around 2 wt.%. By increasing the Fe proportion, SEM results of these alloys showed a close network of secondary phases within the matrix that may have blocked the hydrogen uptake by the matrix. Cho et al. reported that the decrease in the hydrogen capacity in the presence of Fe can be caused by three main factors: the decrease in the lattice parameter of the BCC phase as mentioned earlier, the reduction in the amount of BCC phase in the alloy (seen in Table 6) and the excess of the e/a value over 5.1 [29]. The e/a ratio of the BCC phase in each alloy was calculated: x = 4 (5.11), x = 8 (5.16), x = 12 (5.24), x = 16 (5.27), x = 20 (5.31) and x = 24 (5.27). Note that for x = 0, e/a ratio is equal to 5.08.
The XRD patterns after the hydrogenation of all alloys are presented in Figure 6. For x = 0, the XRD pattern shows a BCT phase with a few unknown peaks. For x = 4 to 24, the major diffraction peaks of all hydride alloys are identified as the BCT phase. Small peaks appeared with increasing the iron proportion. They are surely related to the secondary phases seen in SEM but they could not be indexed to a Laves phase. The crystallographic parameters of the hydride phase are summarized in Table 9.
For x = 4, 8 and 12, two phases were identified: BCT and C14. They correspond, respectively, to the matrix (Point 1) and the low-Zr bright phase (Point 3) seen in SEM and EDS.
For x = 16, 20 and 24, three phases were found: BCT, C14 and C15. The appearance of C15 is unclear because in the third existing phase (referred to Table 3), the ration A/B = 2 required for a Laves phase is not fulfilled. Moreover, C15 peaks have small abundances. Using the C15 phase led to a better fit for the refinement; however, we cannot bring any conclusion concerning that phase.
As the volume of the unit cell increased after hydrogenation, the hydrogen absorbed capacity can be estimated. For x = 0, as the BCC phase turned into a single BCT phase after hydrogenation, the hydrogen capacity can be calculated. However, for x = 4 to 24, it could not be estimated since the C14 and C15 were not visible in the as-cast patterns.
Considering that a hydrogen atom produces a volume expansion between 2 and 3 Å3, the estimated hydrogen capacity of the BCT phase of x = 0 was calculated. It was estimated to be between 3.68 and 5.53 wt.%. Compared with the hydrogen capacity of 3.8 wt.%, measured upon activation, the volume of the hydrogen atom is 2.95 Å3. This value matches with the volume expansion of 2.9 Å3 of a hydrogen atom for a wide range of materials according to Peisl [40].
4. Conclusions
The investigation of the microstructure and first hydrogenation properties of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 leads to the following conclusion:
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- All alloys presented a two-phase microstructure: a matrix and a secondary phase.
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- The as-cast XRD patterns showed a single BCC phase for x = 0 to 8 and a BCC with a C14 Laves phase for x = 12 to 24. The lattice parameter of the BCC phase linearly decreased with increasing Fe proportion. This is in accordance with Vegard’s law.
- -
- The first hydrogenation of all alloys at 298 K under 3 MPa revealed a decrease in the hydrogen capacity with an increasing proportion of Fe. This trend is explained by the reduction in the BCC lattice parameter and the increase in the electron-to-atom ratio due to the presence of Fe.
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- The XRD patterns of hydride alloys revealed a C14 phase in addition to the BCC phase for x = 4 and 8, and a C15 phase in addition to BCC and C14 for x = 16, 20, 24. The absence of Laves in the as-cast state is still misunderstood but neutron diffraction measurements are planned to better investigate and understand the crystal structure of all studied alloys.
- -
- According to the present work on the vanadium-rich Ti16V60Cr24−xFex for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 alloys, we found that the presence of Fe enhanced the kinetic but lowered the maximum hydrogen capacity. For x higher than 4 at.%, there is a loss of almost 50% of the hydrogen capacity. Consequently, the reversible capacity will also be low. In the future, it would be interesting to only focus on x ≤ 4 alloys. Just using a small proportion of iron will stabilize the hydride while maintaining a high hydrogen capacity. Thermodynamics will be studied in a future investigation.
Author Contributions
All experiments were performed by F.R., except electron microscopy. J.H. and F.R. analyzed the results and wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement
Data available by contacting authors.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank A. Lejeune and K. Milette for the electron microscopy experiments.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Correction Statement
This article has been republished with a minor correction to resolve typographical errors. This change does not affect the scientific content of the article.
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Figure 1.
Backscattered electron micrographs of the Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24.
Figure 1.
Backscattered electron micrographs of the Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24.
Figure 2.
Elemental maps of the Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. Points number 1 indicate the matrix, points 2 are the secondary phase 1, points 3 are the secondary phase 2 and points 4 are Ti precipitates.
Figure 2.
Elemental maps of the Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. Points number 1 indicate the matrix, points 2 are the secondary phase 1, points 3 are the secondary phase 2 and points 4 are Ti precipitates.
Figure 3.
XRD patterns of as-cast Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.
Figure 3.
XRD patterns of as-cast Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.
Figure 4.
Variation of the lattice parameters of the BCC phase with Fe content for Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys. The squares are the experimental lattices parameters as determined by X-ray diffraction.
Figure 4.
Variation of the lattice parameters of the BCC phase with Fe content for Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys. The squares are the experimental lattices parameters as determined by X-ray diffraction.
Figure 5.
First hydrogenation curves of Ti16V60CrxFe24−x alloys at 298 K under 3 MPa.
Figure 6.
XRD patterns of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 after hydrogenation.
Figure 6.
XRD patterns of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 after hydrogenation.
Table 1.
Proportion of each phase in all alloys as measured by ImageJ software.
| x | 0 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matrix | 93 | 87 | 82 | 83 | 81 | 66 | 72 |
| Secondary phase | 7 | 13 | 18 | 17 | 19 | 34 | 28 |
Table 2.
EDX analysis showing the elemental composition of the matrix (Point 1) of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. The error on each value is ±0.1 at.%.
Table 2.
EDX analysis showing the elemental composition of the matrix (Point 1) of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. The error on each value is ±0.1 at.%.
| x | Ti (at.%) | V (at.%) | Cr (at.%) | Fe (at.%) | Zr (at.%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 14.2 | 62.4 | 22.9 | - | 0.5 |
| 4 | 15.9 | 60.2 | 19.3 | 4.1 | 0.5 |
| 8 | 15.2 | 60.2 | 16.1 | 7.9 | 0.6 |
| 12 | 14.1 | 60.2 | 13.1 | 12.4 | 0.2 |
| 16 | 13.5 | 61.7 | 8.3 | 16.2 | 0.3 |
| 20 | 14.2 | 60.7 | 4.2 | 20.6 | 0.3 |
| 24 | 10.4 | 70.4 | - | 19 | 0.2 |
Table 3.
EDX analysis showing the elemental composition of the secondary phase 1 (Point 2) of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. The error on each value is ±0.1 at.%.
Table 3.
EDX analysis showing the elemental composition of the secondary phase 1 (Point 2) of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. The error on each value is ±0.1 at.%.
| x | Ti (at.%) | V (at.%) | Cr (at.%) | Fe (at.%) | Zr (at.%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 33.8 | 5.1 | 1.8 | - | 59.3 |
| 4 | 32.9 | 20.1 | 7.1 | 1.8 | 38.1 |
| 8 | 32.5 | 17.0 | 5.1 | 10.4 | 35.0 |
| 12 | 32.2 | 15.7 | 3.6 | 12.5 | 36.0 |
| 16 | 32.3 | 11.5 | 1.8 | 8.4 | 46.0 |
| 20 | 28.9 | 20.7 | 1.3 | 6.3 | 42.8 |
| 24 | 31.3 | 13.4 | - | 10 | 45.3 |
Table 4.
EDX analysis showing the elemental composition of the secondary phase 2 (Point 3) of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. The error on each value is ±0.1 at.%.
Table 4.
EDX analysis showing the elemental composition of the secondary phase 2 (Point 3) of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. The error on each value is ±0.1 at.%.
| x | Ti (at.%) | V (at.%) | Cr (at.%) | Fe (at.%) | Zr (at.%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 19.2 | 28.7 | 16.5 | 15.4 | 20.2 |
| 8 | 23.7 | 27.9 | 10.4 | 20.5 | 17.5 |
| 12 | 33.7 | 20.6 | 7.5 | 25.6 | 12.6 |
| 16 | 28 | 29.3 | 4.1 | 28.2 | 10.4 |
| 20 | 25.1 | 30.8 | 2.3 | 32.4 | 9.4 |
| 24 | 26.1 | 31.5 | - | 33.8 | 8.6 |
Table 5.
EDX analysis showing the elemental composition of Ti- precipitates (Point 4) of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 8, 16. The error on each value is ±0.1 at.%.
Table 5.
EDX analysis showing the elemental composition of Ti- precipitates (Point 4) of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys for x = 8, 16. The error on each value is ±0.1 at.%.
| x | Ti (at.%) | V (at.%) | Cr (at.%) | Fe (at.%) | Zr (at.%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | 64 | 14.9 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 15.9 |
| 16 | 63.4 | 14.8 | 1.8 | 4.4 | 15.6 |
Table 6.
Phase abundance from Rietveld refinement. Error on the last significant digit is indicated in parentheses.
Table 6.
Phase abundance from Rietveld refinement. Error on the last significant digit is indicated in parentheses.
| x | 0 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCC | 100 | 100 | 100 | 79 (2) | 77 (3) | 74 (2) | 72 (3) |
| C14 | - | - | - | 21 (4) | 23 (3) | 26 (2) | 28 (3) |
Table 7.
Crystallographic parameters of the BCC phase of all Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys. Error on the last significant digit is indicated in parentheses.
Table 7.
Crystallographic parameters of the BCC phase of all Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr alloys. Error on the last significant digit is indicated in parentheses.
| BCC | Lattice Parameter (Å) | Crystallite Size (nm) | Microstrain (%) | Cell Volume (Å3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| x = 0 | 3.0331 (4) | 36 (2) | 1.08 (2) | 27.90 (2) |
| x = 4 | 3.0207 (1) | 23 (1) | 0.98 (3) | 27.56 (1) |
| x = 8 | 3.0162 (1) | 21 (1) | 0.71 (3) | 27.43 (2) |
| x = 12 | 3.0105 (1) | 22 (1) | 0.60 (4) | 27.28 (2) |
| x = 16 | 3.0052 (1) | 33 (2) | 0.78 (3) | 27.14 (1) |
| x = 20 | 2.9943 (1) | 29 (1) | 0.66 (3) | 26.98 (2) |
| x = 24 | 2.9990 (2) | 30 (1) | 0.46 (2) | 26.97 (5) |
Table 8.
Crystallographic parameters of the C14 phase of as-cast Ti16V60Cr24−xFex alloys for x = 12, 16, 20 and 24. Error on the last significant digit is indicated in parentheses.
Table 8.
Crystallographic parameters of the C14 phase of as-cast Ti16V60Cr24−xFex alloys for x = 12, 16, 20 and 24. Error on the last significant digit is indicated in parentheses.
| C14 | Lattice Parameter (Å) | Crystallite Size (nm) | Cell Volume (Å3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| x = 12 | a = 5.0280 (3) c = 8.1850 (2) | 22 (1) | 179.42 (4) |
| x = 16 | a = 4.9833 (2) c = 8.1426 (2) | 25 (2) | 175.10 (2) |
| x = 20 | a = 4.9629 (1) c = 8.1033 (2) | 46 (4) | 172.84 (2) |
| x = 24 | a = 4.9610 (1) c = 8.0987 (2) | 38 (2) | 172.62 (5) |
Table 9.
Crystallographic parameters of hydrogenated Ti16V60CrxFe24−x alloys for x = 0 to 24. Error on the last significant digit is indicated in parentheses.
Table 9.
Crystallographic parameters of hydrogenated Ti16V60CrxFe24−x alloys for x = 0 to 24. Error on the last significant digit is indicated in parentheses.
| Sample | Phase | Lattice Parameter (Å) | Crystallite Size (nm) | Microstrain (%) | Cell Volume (Å3) | Abundance (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x = 0 | BCT | a = 3.0350 (1) c = 4.2640 (2) | 40 (1) | 1.09 | 39.28 (3) | 100 |
| x = 4 | BCT | a = 3.0557 (1) c = 3.2896 (2) | 40 (1) | 1.09 | 30.64 (3) | 80 (2) |
| C14 | a = 5.3355 (1) c = 8.8310 (1) | 11 (1) | - | 217.72 (2) | 20 (1) | |
| x = 8 | BCT | a = 3.0068 (1) c = 3.2896 (2) | 17 (1) | 0.70 (1) | 30.08 (3) | 78 (1) |
| C14 | a = 5.3355 (1) c = 8.8310 (1) | 13 (1) | - | 222.85 (3) | 22 (1) | |
| x = 12 | BCT | a = 2.9943(1) c = 3.3338 (1) | 15 (1) | 0.70 (1) | 29.89 (1) | 76 (1) |
| C14 | a = 5.4525 (2) c = 8.4845 (1) | 12 (1) | - | 218.45 (2) | 24 (1) | |
| x = 16 | BCT | a = 2.8302 (1) c = 3.9134 (2) | 20 (1) | 1.07 (1) | 31.35 (2) | 58 (3) |
| C14 | a = 5.2568 (2) c = 8.600 (4) | 24 (1) | - | 205.81 (2) | 24 (2) | |
| C15 | a = 7.060 (2) | 16 (1) | 0.40 (2) | 352 (3) | 18 (2) | |
| x = 20 | BCT | a = 2.8279 (1) c = 3.9014 (2) | 28 (2) | 1.30 (2) | 31.20 (2) | 64 (3) |
| C14 | a = 5.1957 (2) c = 8.497 (3) | 30 (1) | - | 198.65 (1) | 23 (2) | |
| C15 | a = 7.159 (2) | 10 (2) | - | 367 (2) | 13 (3) | |
| x = 24 | BCT | a = 2.8292 (1) c = 3.8906 (2) | 40 (4) | 1.39 (4) | 31.14 (2) | 53 (4) |
| C14 | a = 5.1957 (2) c = 8.497 (3) | 30 (1) | - | 194.47 (5) | 37 (4) | |
| C15 | a = 7.042 (2) | 20 (3) | - | 349.2 (3) | 11 (2) |
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MDPI and ACS Style
Ravalison, F.; Huot, J. Microstructure and First Hydrogenation Properties of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr Alloy for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. Energies 2023, 16, 5360. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145360
AMA Style
Ravalison F, Huot J. Microstructure and First Hydrogenation Properties of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr Alloy for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24. Energies. 2023; 16(14):5360. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145360
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavalison, Francia, and Jacques Huot. 2023. "Microstructure and First Hydrogenation Properties of Ti16V60Cr24−xFex + 4 wt.% Zr Alloy for x = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24" Energies 16, no. 14: 5360. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145360
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