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Article

Renewable Energies and Blue Economy: New Trends in Global Research

by
José Ramos Pires Manso
1,
Rosa M. Martínez Vázquez
2,
Juan Milán García
2,* and
Jaime de Pablo Valenciano
2
1
Department of Management and Economics, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
2
Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2023, 16(10), 4210; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104210
Submission received: 10 April 2023 / Revised: 10 May 2023 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 19 May 2023
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Abstract

:
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the blue economy and its economic and environmental benefits. Renewable energies are an alternative to fossil fuels and can contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of maritime sectors and of the general economy. This article aims to analyze the scientific production in the Web of Science (WoS) database and to propose some measures for future actions. The results indicate new trends in scientific articles related to climate change, aquaculture, blue growth and marine spatial planning, and private administration offering proposals that can be useful for economic progress based on the oceans of the nations that have bet on this model of sustainable development and the need for promoting the green and digital conversion of firms, namely those acting in sea-related activities.

1. Introduction

The blue economy plays a key role in global sustainable economic development through the oceans. Its formulation is based on the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, to increase peoples’ income, and to improve employment and living conditions while preserving the ocean ecosystem [1]. The marine and coastal ecosystems provide a wide range of products and services to humanity, including food, raw materials, renewable energy, transportation, tourism, and recreation. In addition, they play a fundamental role in regulating the global climate and absorbing carbon, which is essential to addressing climate change.
Recently, we have witnessed an increase in the presence and use of the blue economy in the international scientific scenario, linking it to traditional economic activities with the aim of increasing its efficiency and sustainability [2,3,4], and to mitigate the greenhouse effect and global warming, among others. In the specialized literature, there are studies with different orientations, which include analyzing the impact of the blue economy (i) on tourism activities [5,6,7], (ii) on aquaculture activities [8,9,10], (iii) on maritime transport [11,12,13], (iv) on fishing activities [14,15,16], and (v) even on marine biotechnology [17,18,19].
Many domestic companies and economies point to ocean origin factors’ markets (marine and coastal resources) as new opportunities for investment in sectors such as tourism, seabed mineral extraction, aquaculture and fisheries, shipping, and renewable energy [20].
These sectors’ importance in recent times has materialized either in one of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the maintenance and sustainable management of oceans, seas and other marine resources included in these [21], or in the objectives of the 2020 strategy of the European Union to promote the economic and sustainable growth of the regions [22]. In this case, the support focus is directed toward the blue economy as a driver of a blue growth process towards the construction of an integrated maritime policy. Likewise, one of the major objectives of sustainable development is the sustainable production of affordable and clean energy. In this sense, the blue economy sectors have demonstrated their capacity as producers of renewable energy sources [23,24,25] that enable not only the energy self-sufficiency of their own activities, but also the transfer of energy surpluses to other sectors of more traditional economic activities [26,27,28].
The blue economy and renewable energies are closely linked, since the use of renewable energy sources is essential to achieve sustainable development of economic sectors linked to the sea [29,30]. Renewable energies, such as wind, solar, hydro and tidal energy, are energy alternatives to fossil fuels that can contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of maritime sectors [31,32]. Offshore wind energy is also a real and promising form of renewable energy generated by offshore wind turbines, which make it possible to take advantage of strong ocean winds for electricity generation later exported to land where it is consumed in several economic activities [33,34]. In turn, solar or photovoltaic energy can be used in power navigation and communication ships’ systems and equipment and those of other floating structures [35].
Renewable energies in the blue economy also contribute to wealth and jobs’ creation, in addition to the diversification, development and growth of local economies [36], especially in coastal areas and in developing countries [37]. However, it is important to bear in mind that any economic activity, including those related to renewable energies, must be carried out in a sustainable manner and respect the limits of marine ecosystems to ensure their long-term protection [38,39].
Following this line of thought, the specific objectives of this work are multiple, and among them are the following: (i) analyze the trajectory followed by international scientific production in the blue economy and its role as a sustainable producer of renewable energy sources; (ii) add knowledge to sustainable energy economy; and (iii) fill a gap in that scientific literature, too. In order to reach them, we started by selecting articles published in the Web of Science (WoS) database to analyze the current evolution of scientific production between 2014 and 2023. Through this analysis, we identified the trends and directions of new research related to the blue economy, sustainable development, and renewable energies. We also examined the analytical methods used by the authors of these articles, and developed proposals for policymakers and business leaders to achieve sustainable development objective.
We begin by carrying out a selection of the articles published in the Web of Science (WoS) database to try to ascertain the current scientific production evolution between 2014 and 2023, and through these, identify the directions or trends followed by new researches related to blue economy, sustainable development and renewable energies, the selected analytical methods chosen by the articles’ authors in order to achieve their objectives, as well as to make some proposals for policymakers and businessmen for sustainable development aims.
In terms of organization, this short literature revision introductory section includes a second section addressed to the authors’ topics’ presentation, a third to present results and discussion, a fourth one for making propositions for future actions related to the our fields of studies, and a last one for conclude.

2. Methodologies

Some specific and appropriate tools have been used in this article’s preparation, including the useful Tree of Science (ToS) web tool and the Biblioshiny software, too. The first one is based on metadata analysis published by organizing scientific publications’ databases according to title and abstract in a hierarchical tree way. Their roots represent the classic articles, the trunk compiles articles that are responsible for the field growth, and the leaves represent the newer ones that are highly connected to the previous two [40,41]. The articles found in the “leaves” category are from the most recent years, and they are linked to the “root” and “trunk” categories through the citations in their references. This process represents a significant saving of time in searching related information, and, consequently, a substantial increase in research productivity terms.
The second one is based on the selection of bibliographic data for scientific production analysis, as well as for quality evaluation and impact factors of the chosen publications. These data include, among others, the number of publications, the index or impact factors of the journals, the author’s keywords, the analytical methodologies used and even the centers, units, or institutions and universities that made and published the chosen publications.
Figure 1 shows the structure of the methodology’s structure of analysis. The research began by selecting the following “equation” in the WoS core collection database: “energ*” and “blue economy”; this task selected a total of 181 documents that, once filtered by articles in scientific journals, resulted in 135 ones published during the 2014–2023 period. Once reviewed, the data records are exported in plain text for processing using ToS and the R-Studio package.
The 135 documents on the ToS website are analyzed to organize the scientific production, thus obtaining 20 articles cataloged as roots, 19 as trunks and 20 as leaves. From the obtained results, the research authors’ contents are commented upon according to the keywords that arise from the metaphor of the tree. Once this task is accomplished, another analysis at different levels using R-Studio is carried out. Using this, one can carry out a qualitative study on scientific production using a three-stage Biblioshiny interface differentiating. Firstly, it studies the scientific publications evolution, the journals that have published them, the institutions where they were produced, the methods used, the results achieved and the authors’ discussion and production actions. Secondly, the analysis at the level of documents according to author keywords was deepened to identify what the main future research trend areas and analysis methodologies’ terms are. Thirdly, the topics’ mapping was carried out, differentiating the topics that classified as basic, motor, niche and emerging, in order to establish the connections among the different topics located in each quadrant.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Systematic Review of the ToS Literature

Figure 2 shows a first analysis of the relevant literature through a visual representation in a tree keyword form of the most relevant scientific articles using the ToS tool [41]. In the graph, keywords are extracted from each category, highlighting how the keyword “renewable energy” is repeated in the three classifications (root, trunk and leaves); in contrast, blue economy is in the most recent classification (leaves). This is due to the fact that renewable energies have been developed prior to the blue economy. Next, we proceed to analyze the most relevant research in each category.
At the root, we can find the articles that address marine policy, sustainability, renewable energy, climate change and natural resources, as detailed below:
Keen’s [42] article describes the marine policy evolution in Australia, highlighting the importance of involving local communities in the decision-making process. On the other hand, Zanuttigh [43] emphasizes the importance of considering the economic, social, and environmental factors’ analysis.
Regarding sustainability, Bennett [20] discusses sustainable governance practices in the tourism industry, highlighting the need to address social and economic inequality in local communities, too.
From a fisheries perspective, Voyer [44] investigates sustainable practices in the fishing industry and points to the collaboration importance between key actors. Likewise, Cisneros-Montemayor [45] examines the implications of global fisheries policy for food security and biodiversity, and Soma [46] and Jouffray [47] go a step further on this issue by analyzing the role of fisheries in climate change, emphasizing the need for sustainable management of marine resources and adaptive policies and strategies.
Finally, from the natural resources approach, the research addresses natural resource management, e.g., Jones (2016) [48], evidencing the need for effective international cooperation, and Van den Burg (2017) [49] examines the impact of fisheries on natural resources and its importance for sustainable and collaborative management.
The trunk shows the first authors that discovered the applicability of the study covering aspects and topics such as sustainable growth, renewable energy, ecosystem services and fisheries.
Bennett [50] identifies ten risks and solutions for the “blue economy” actions that seek economic growth and ocean sustainability. De Oliveira [3] applies the six sigma methodology to evaluate economic and environmental efficiency in the refueling aircraft process, within the blue economics’ framework. Cisneros-Montemayor [39] analyzes whether agreements and benefits in emerging ocean sectors are moving towards a more equitable blue economy.
Graziano [51] explores blue economy clusters in the Great Lakes basin of the United States and their regional economic impact. De Oliveira [3] proposes the reutilization of water and materials as a clean production practice in the textile industry, thus contributing to the blue economy.
Dalton [52] studies the feasibility of investing in multi-use space projects and multi-purpose platforms in the blue economy through a novel approach employing eight model indicators in order to assist in the complex assessment of multiple combinations of blue economic growth sectors, and each other’s relative performance. Nogue-Alguero [53] analyzes the ports’ development and their socio-environmental and metabolic impacts on the blue economy.
Van den Burg [54] proposes an assessment of the geographical potential for the co-use of marine space according to the blue economic sectors’ operational boundaries. Ding [55] uses a cooperative model of evaluating the Chinese marine circular economy’s performance.
Aryai [56] assesses the reliability of multi-purpose offshore installations within the framework of Australia’s blue economy. Van den Burg [57] examines the barriers’ implementation of multi-purpose platforms in the blue economy. Weir [58] analyses attitudes towards spatial enclosure in the Scottish seas in the context of ownership, power and planning in the blue economy.
Voyer [59], examines the voluntary commitments’ role in realizing the blue economy promise, while Potts [60] highlights the importance of geographical research in the transition process to a green economy in Aberdeen. McKinley [61] sets out a research agenda to boost the blue economy in Peru. Dillon [62] proposes a renewable energy solution for persistent oceanographic observation. On the other hand, Costa [63] explores the biorefinery of microalgae from CO2 and its effects on the blue economy.
Finally, the leaves include several articles that address various aspects of the blue economy and its management, with a focus on renewable energy, environmental and social impacts, and governance. The studies by Kovacic (2021) [64] and Spaniol (2021) [65] focus on the need for a more sustainable development of the blue economy through electrification and the transition to greener technologies. On the other hand, Machado explores the implications of offshore wind development in the areas of tourism and coastal recreation. The authors also discuss the need for a more inclusive and equitable approach to the blue economy, as explained by Lyons [66] and Gerhardinger [67]. Other topics covered are the measurement and regulation of biased technological progress, the greening of the blue economy and the assessment of the blue economy sectors’ impact on the environment [32,68,69].
In general, the review of the bibliographic citations provides a broad overview of the challenges and opportunities posed by the blue economy and underlines the need for sustainable and coordinated management of marine and coastal resources to ensure a sustainable future for the next generations.

3.2. Descriptive Analysis

Next, the evolution of research related to blue economy and energy is presented, along with summarized bibliometric metadata statistics. The y-axis represents the number of articles and the x-axis represents the time period. It is a very novel topic since the first works began to be developed only in 2014. It should be noted that until 2018, the number of publications in the area was very small (15 in 5 years, producing an annual average of 3); since then, the area and amount of research has been considerably increased, experiencing an almost exponential growth whose maximum was reached in 2023 with 38 documents (Figure 3), coinciding with the publication of the Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) report, a report on global progress in sustainable energy policies.
Table 1 contains the scientific production in each of the journals, the number of articles that each one has published, the JCR impact factors and the quartiles in which each one falls. The name of the journals with the highest number of publications in the study area is shown, which of them are indexed in JCR, their impact factors, starting with Frontiers in Marine Science (Q1, IF 5.2)), Marine Policy Reviews (Q1, IF4.3), Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (Q1, IF: 16.8), Energies (Q3, IF: 3.3), Ocean & Coastal Management (Q1, IF: 4.3), Renewable Energy (Q1, IF:8.6), Sustainability (Q1, IF:3.9), Applied Energy (Q1, IF:11.4), Aquacultural Engineering (Q2, IF:3.3) and Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions (Q1, IF:11.2).
In turn, Figure 4 shows the evolution of publications by research centers worldwide, in 2014–2023. It should be noted that 2016 was the starting point for research growth in the period studied, especially from 2018 onwards. The University of Tasmania (Australia) reaches the first place and is the only one that has been constant in the studied period. The following centers are the University of East Anglia (2021, UK), Alfred Wegener Institute (2020, Germany), the University of Colorado Boulder (USA), the University of Alaska (USA) and College PK (USA).
The data presented in Figure 5 show that climate change can have a significant impact on aquaculture and blue economics’ growth, as well as on the need to implement marine spatial planning. As water temperatures rise, fish species can change their migration patterns, which can affect aquaculture production and profitability and other traditional fisheries, too. In addition, rising sea levels can erode and even flood some coastal areas, a process that will have a negative impact on tourism activities, aquaculture farms and, possibly, on local and regional employment levels and income.
To minimize the negative impacts and maximize aquaculture’s economic and environmental benefits and those associated with blue economics’ growth, it is important to implement marine spatial planning as soon as possible. All of these processes require managing and mapping the different uses of the ocean in an integrated way, including aquaculture, fisheries, coastal tourism, and renewable energy extraction from the ocean (wind, tidal, photovoltaic, solar and water desalination in half-deserted areas and with many deficiencies of this resource). We would like to highlight, too, that marine planning is an ocean governance approach that involves integrated planning and management techniques of human activities in coastal and marine areas.
Marine spatial planning can help identify suitable areas for aquaculture, minimize negative impacts on the marine environment and maximize economic benefits for coastal communities. In addition, some climate change adaptation measures can be added, such as the protection of the most vulnerable coastal areas and the promotion of sustainable aquaculture practices.
Figure 6 presents a strategic diagram that highlights the basic, emerging/declining, niche and motor themes, an interesting classification of the various topics related to the blue economy and renewable energies. Thematic maps provide information on the patterns and seasonality of research topics. These maps are grouped into four different quadrants according to two variables (centrality and density), which measure the level of connectedness and development in terms of intracluster cohesion, respectively [70,71].
The first quadrant contains the driving themes that bind the economy, such as ocean energy, sustainable economic growth, and blue economy. These three terms, in their joint vision, can be a useful instrument to achieve either the desired sustainable development and the preservation of oceanic origin resources, especially since the ocean economy includes, among others, some renewable energy sources and clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.
The basic and cross-cutting themes can be seen in the second quadrant. These are the case of fish cage, wave energy, ocean governance, UN/SDGs, and marine spatial planning. All these terms must be addressed in a comprehensive manner, considering that marine spatial planning and ocean governance play essential roles in ensuring proper aquaculture planning, in developing energy projects and in protecting marine ecosystems, knowing that the UN/SDGs are a global framework for action and sustainable development set out in goals 7 and 14, which address affordable and clean energy and underwater life, respectively.
The third quadrant refers to highly developed and niche topics such as offshore and multipurpose platforms, fish farms, energy efficiency, levelized of cost energy, and optimization. The levels of cost energy are an important indicator for assessing the economic viability of the offshore fish farming and multi-purpose platform exploitation. The optimization of energy efficiency in both multipurpose platforms and fish farms is the objective of all companies that intend to improve the profitability of such infrastructures.
The fourth quadrant includes emerging or declining topics such as resilience, sustainable development and offshore platforms. The offshore platforms can be used for the extraction of renewable energy resources and other ends. However, it is not exempt from accidents (natural disasters resulting from natural or from human causes) that can disturb the ecosystem surrounding these platforms. It is important to implement resilient measures to mitigate possible risks through safety and environmental regulations, risk assessment, maintenance, regular inspections, and adequate design or planification to prevent the referred extreme (weather or human) events. According to Morrissey [72], in the context of climate disruptions and coastal ecosystem degradation, a more holistic and comprehensive framework that centers justice, resilience and sustainability is needed for the blue economy to be sustainable.

4. Proposals for Future Actions

The blue economy and renewable energy combination have a close relationship and can work simultaneously to address climate change challenges and to promote sustainable development.
Climate change effects are increasingly evident factors affecting human, economic and environmental and global well-being [73]. Although climate change, on the one hand, and the climate crisis, on the other, are intimately related, there are important differences between the two concepts. Indeed, climate change includes transformations in precipitation patterns, temperature, and extreme weather events [74] that are being caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere, causing the planet’s temperature increase [74,75,76]. In turn, climate crisis occurs due to negative effects and serious consequences of climate change [77], and even due to sea level rise as a result of melting glaciers, ocean acidification, increasing and frequent occurrence of floods, droughts and torrential rainfall, extreme events, as well as the loss of biodiversity and the extinction of species [78,79,80].
It should be noted that climate change is the underlying cause of the climate crisis seriously damaging people’s quality of life and the environment. The persistence of fossil energy exploration, including coal extraction, is increasingly a politicized issue [81]. Climate crisis is a global challenge that requires urgent action to mitigate its impacts. An alternative to tackle the problem may be the enhancement of well-known green infrastructures [82,83] and even anthropogenic infrastructures, although the latter are identified as the main factor of climate change [84,85]. Both can play a key role in this process by providing sustainable and cost-effective solutions to address the environmental and economic challenges faced by society. Climate-resilient anthropogenic “critical” infrastructure and green infrastructure are two different approaches to addressing the challenges posed by climate change. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. The former can be effective in protecting people and property from extreme weather hazards [82]; however, they can also be expensive and are not always sustainable in the long term. As can be seen, there are important efforts for suppliers to adapt to climate change [86], green infrastructures can provide multiple benefits, such as improving water quality, protecting biodiversity, and creating green spaces for recreation. However, they may require time to establish and are not always effective in emergency situations [87].
Offshore platforms, such as oil rigs or wind farms and eventually others, provide infrastructure for energy production and economic development (sustainable or not). For example, offshore wind farms provide renewable energy that helps reduce energy dependence [25] on fossil fuels, increase energy security, diversify energy sources and even strengthening energy independence. In the oil rigs’ case, despite providing jobs and income through oil production, they can also pose risks to the environment. For example, oil spills or other accidents can have significant environmental impacts and disrupt the ecosystem surrounding the rig [88].
Energy is vital for the economic and social development of all countries and is addressed in goal 7 of the UN/SDGs [89]; however, its use and access differ significantly from developed to developing countries [90]. In developed countries, per capita energy consumption is generally higher than in developing countries due to their higher levels of industrialization and more intensive use of advanced technologies. On the other hand, developing countries have limited access to electricity [91] and rely heavily on traditional energy sources such as oil, coal and even biomass [92,93].
Therefore, renewable energies are presented as an alternative for developing countries, since it can be a way to boost their economy and increase energy availability and accessibility [94]. Countries with abundant renewable resources such as solar, wind and ocean energies (waves, tides) can become leaders in the production and sale or export of renewable energy, and even possibly in the field of technologies associated with renewable energy [95]. Investments in renewable energy infrastructure and more energy-efficient technologies can be driven by the energy demand of growing industries and population [96].
As for the developed countries, the reality is quite different. Energy dependence presents major challenges for the future, especially for those countries that import most of their energy from third-party countries, bringing with it significant economic, political and security consequences. This is the E.U. case with its dependence on Russian natural gas [97] and on oil, too, which has generated great concerns in recent years, especially due to political tensions between the E.U. and Russia and, currently, the invasion of Ukraine [98]. Notably, Russia was, until recently, one of the main suppliers of natural gas (and also oil) to the E.U., and the E.U.’s dependence on Russian gas (and oil) has exposed its vulnerability in terms of energy supply, energy security and E.U. population well-being. To reduce Russian energy dependence, the EU has sought to diversify its energy sources and improve its energy infrastructure, namely through energy networks, by developing policies to encourage renewable energy, nuclear productions and improved energy efficiency within the E.U. [99]. In this sense, blue economics offers excellent opportunities to reduce energy dependence, increase energy security and diversification, and promote sustainable economic, social development and quality of life increases [51].
Finally, to ensure the sustainability of the blue economy in any context, effective governance of marine and coastal resources is essential [44]. Ocean governance involves cooperation between countries to establish conservation and management measures for marine and coastal resources [42], pollution prevention and control, adaptation to climate change, conservation of marine biodiversity, and signing agreements among countries for promoting the corporations’ green and digital transitions.

5. Conclusions

From the systematic literature review, articles address different aspects of the blue economy and its impact on sustainability, natural resources, energy and industry. Together, they provide a more complete picture of the challenges and opportunities posed by the blue economy as regards economic growth and environmental terms.
The combination of renewable energies and economic development in a marine environment presents important challenges at an international level, specifically in Europe, the E.U., and other countries, since the current war with Russia has accelerated the need to boost the sector and reduce energy dependence on third-party countries, since this is considered a limiting factor to implement adequate measures and to act autonomously. Therefore, the concern and urgency of carrying out sustainable practices so that viability of energetic long-term projects can be achieved are of the utmost importance. This includes promoting responsible fishing practices, reducing marine pollution, developing alternative renewable sources of energy and promoting firms’ green and digital transition, namely those that act in activities related to maritime activities.
The transition from a fossil-based model to a renewable energy one can contribute to job creation and further economic development supported by the blue economy, while reducing dependence on fossil fuels, diversifying their energy sources and associated negative environmental impacts. In general, the development of ocean renewable energies—wind, wave, tide, and solar/photovoltaic, etc.—can be an important opportunity to boost the economic development of coastal and inland areas, and, in general, of countries that have maritime borders, while promoting environmental sustainability.
To solve the climate problem and mitigate the effects of the climate crisis, it is compulsory to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and encourage the transition to renewable and sustainable energy sources. A major challenge is related to investments in infrastructures that are more resilient to extreme weather events, the use of green infrastructure depending on the specific community and local emergency. and the use of research infrastructure to develop new green and more efficient technologies.
Future lines of research include the study of renewable energies and their integration with green infrastructures to face the effects of climate change, as well as the analysis of interconnection and possible synergies that can be established between the sectors of the blue economy and green infrastructures. We also recommend exploring other methodologies that could add value to the studied topic. Likewise, a comparative analysis can be carried out between the WoS database and others such as Scopus or Google Scholar.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.R.P.M., R.M.M.V., J.M.G. and J.d.P.V.; Methodology, J.R.P.M., R.M.M.V., J.M.G. and J.d.P.V.; Investigation, J.R.P.M., R.M.M.V., J.M.G. and J.d.P.V.; Writing—original draft, J.R.P.M., R.M.M.V., J.M.G. and J.d.P.V.; Writing—review & editing, J.R.P.M., R.M.M.V., J.M.G. and J.d.P.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be available upon request made to the authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Methodological scheme. Source: our own elaboration.
Figure 1. Methodological scheme. Source: our own elaboration.
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Figure 2. Systematic review of the ToS literature according to keywords. Source: own elaboration from ToS.
Figure 2. Systematic review of the ToS literature according to keywords. Source: own elaboration from ToS.
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Figure 3. Annual scientific evolution of scientific production in the area. Source: own elaboration from WoS.
Figure 3. Annual scientific evolution of scientific production in the area. Source: own elaboration from WoS.
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Figure 4. Affiliations’ production over time Alfred Wegener. Source: authors’ elaboration.
Figure 4. Affiliations’ production over time Alfred Wegener. Source: authors’ elaboration.
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Figure 5. Trend topics by author’s keywords. Source: our own elaboration.
Figure 5. Trend topics by author’s keywords. Source: our own elaboration.
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Figure 6. Thematic maps—themes: niche, motor, emerging/or declining and basic.
Figure 6. Thematic maps—themes: niche, motor, emerging/or declining and basic.
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Table
Table 1. Scientific journals indexed to WoS, number of articles, their JCR impact factors and quartiles, year 2021.
Table 1. Scientific journals indexed to WoS, number of articles, their JCR impact factors and quartiles, year 2021.
SourcesArticlesImpact FactorCategoryQuartile
Frontiers In Marine Science115.247Marine & Freshwater BiologyQ1
Marine Policy104.315International RelationsQ1
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews516.799Green & Sustainable Science & TechnologyQ1
Energies43.252Energy & FuelsQ3
Ocean & Coastal Management44.295OceanographyQ1
Renewable Energy48.634Energy & FuelsQ1
Sustainability43.889Environmental StudiesQ2
Applied Energy311.446Engineering, ChemicalQ1
Aquacultural Engineering33.273Agricultural EngineeringQ2
Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions311.160Environmental StudiesQ1
Source: Our own elaboration.
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Pires Manso, J.R.; Martínez Vázquez, R.M.; Milán García, J.; de Pablo Valenciano, J. Renewable Energies and Blue Economy: New Trends in Global Research. Energies 2023, 16, 4210. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104210

AMA Style

Pires Manso JR, Martínez Vázquez RM, Milán García J, de Pablo Valenciano J. Renewable Energies and Blue Economy: New Trends in Global Research. Energies. 2023; 16(10):4210. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104210

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pires Manso, José Ramos, Rosa M. Martínez Vázquez, Juan Milán García, and Jaime de Pablo Valenciano. 2023. "Renewable Energies and Blue Economy: New Trends in Global Research" Energies 16, no. 10: 4210. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104210

APA Style

Pires Manso, J. R., Martínez Vázquez, R. M., Milán García, J., & de Pablo Valenciano, J. (2023). Renewable Energies and Blue Economy: New Trends in Global Research. Energies, 16(10), 4210. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104210

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