Transforming a Historic Public Office Building in the Centre of Rome into nZEB: Limits and Potentials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Study
2.1. Building Envelope
2.2. Technical Building Systems
- Heating systems (thermal and cooling);
- Distribution (heat transfer fluid);
- Settings (Heating systems and terminal units);
- Emission (terminals units);
- Water storage (if any).
2.3. Lighting Systems and Electric Equipments
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Numerical Model
3.2. nZEB Targets
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of the State of the Dynamic Simulations
4.2. Retrofit Efficiency Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Winter/Summer | Conditioning | Heating | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mon–Fri | Sat | Sun | Mon–Fri | Sat | Sun | |
Building A | 8–19 | Off | Off | 7–13 16–19 | 7–13 | Off |
Building B-C-D | 7–13 16–22 | 7–13 16–22 | 7–13 16–22 |
AHU Position | Technical Characteristics |
---|---|
AHU Bank | Brand: Atisa 17,500 m3/h |
AHU Int/Basement | Brand: Atisa 6000 m3/h |
AHU A | Brand: Atisa 12,500 m3/h |
AHU B | Brand: Atisa 6000 m3/h |
Type | Transmittance (W/m2K) |
---|---|
Vertical opaque areas | 1.15 |
Inter-floor slab | 1.34 |
Covering slab | 1.51 |
Slab-on-grade floor | 1.08 |
Windows | 3.74 |
Power Density | |
---|---|
People | 150 W/people |
Illumination | 10 W/m2 |
Electronic devices | 3.2 W/m2 |
Input |
---|
Heating set-point temperature: 19 °C |
Relative humidity percentage indoor before humidification: 38% |
Cooling set-point temperature: 26 °C |
Relative humidity percentage indoor before dehumidification: 52% |
External air temperature: variable according to outdoor simulation period |
Incident solar radiation each cardinal axis varies according to the simulation period |
Parameter | u.m. | Requirements | |
---|---|---|---|
H’T | Average overall heat transfer coefficient for transmission per unit of surface dispersant | (W/m2K) | ≤0.53 |
Asol.est/Asup utile | Summer equivalent solar area per unit of useful surface | (-) | ≤0.040 |
ηH | Seasonal average efficiency for domestic hot water production | (%) | ≥81% |
EpH | Specific primary energy index for winter heating. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤80.35 |
EpH.nd | Useful thermal performance index for winter heating | (kWh/m2) | ≤99.19 |
ηw | Seasonal average efficiency for domestic hot water production | (%) | ≥81% |
Epw | Specific primary energy index for hot water supply. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤18.45 |
Epw.nd | Useful thermal performance index for hot water supply. | (kWh/m2) | ≤26.35 |
ηc | Seasonal average efficiency for air cooling systems (including the possible humidity control) | (%) | ≥81% |
Epc | Specific primary energy for summer cooling (including the possible humidity control). (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤45.22 |
Epc.nd | Useful thermal performance index for summer cooling | (kWh/m2) | ≤52.77 |
Ept | Energy performance index of the service for the transport of people and things (lift systems and escalators). (2) | (kWh/m2) | ≤15.46 |
Epv | Energy performance index for ventilation. (1). | (kWh/m2) | ≤22.47 |
EpL | Energy performance index of the service for lighting. (2) | (kWh/m2) | ≤21.15 |
Epgl | Index overall energy performance of the building. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤165.17 |
Pel.ren | Photovoltaic power plant | (kW) | ≥35.20 |
CFEren.DHW+CLIM | Requirements for DWH and air-conditioning due to renewable sources | (%) | ≥55 |
CFEren.DHW | Requirements for DWH due to renewable sources | (%) | ≥55 |
Plant | kWhavg/Heating Hour | kWhmax/Heating Hour | kWhavg/Cooling Hour | KWhmax/Cooling Hour |
---|---|---|---|---|
FAN COILS | 52.87 | 191.87 | 37.16 | 287.51 |
AHU BANK | 14.51 | 59.75 | 9.09 | 62.57 |
AHU B | 18.44 | 72.07 | 8.88 | 67.32 |
AHU A | 6.08 | 19.69 | 4.16 | 22.03 |
AHU INT/Basement | 3.98 | 13.79 | 1.18 | 10.89 |
Parameters | u.m. | Requirements | Current State Data | |
---|---|---|---|---|
H’T | Average overall heat transfer coefficient for transmission per unit of surface dispersant | (W/m2K) | ≤0.53 | 0.78 |
Asol.est/Asup utile | Summer equivalent solar area per unit of useful surface | (-) | ≤0.040 | 0.035 |
ηH | Seasonal average efficiency for domestic hot water production | (%) | ≥81% | 85% |
EpH | Specific primary energy index for winter heating. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤80.35 | 79.10 |
EpH.nd | Useful thermal performance index for winter heating | (kWh/m2) | ≤99.19 | 93.06 |
ηw | Seasonal average efficiency for domestic hot water production | (%) | ≥81% | 85% |
Epw | Specific primary energy index for hot water supply. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤18.45 | 17.65 |
Epw.nd | Useful thermal performance index for hot water supply. | (kWh/m2) | ≤26.35 | 24.85 |
ηc | Seasonal average efficiency for air cooling systems (including the possible humidity control) | (%) | ≥81% | 85% |
Epc | Specific primary energy for summer cooling (including the possible humidity control). (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤45.22 | 43.24 |
Epc.nd | Useful thermal performance index for summer cooling | (kWh/m2) | ≤52.77 | 52.34 |
Ept | Energy performance index of the service for the transport of people and things (lift systems and escalators). (2) | (kWh/m2) | ≤5.46 | 3.58 |
Epv | Energy performance index for ventilation. (1). | (kWh/m2) | ≤22.47 | 17.45 |
EpL | Energy performance index of the service for lighting. (2) | (kWh/m2) | ≤21.15 | 18.65 |
Epgl | Index overall energy performance of the building. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤171.95 | 168.64 |
Pel.ren | Photovoltaic power plant | (kW) | ≥35.20 | 0 |
CFEren.DHW+CLIM | Requirements for DWH and air-conditioning due to renewable sources | (%) | ≥55 | 71% |
CFEren.DHW | Requirements for DWH due to renewable sources | (%) | ≥55 | 60% |
Monocrystalline module power | (Wp) | 325 |
Module efficiency | (%) | 20 |
Modules number | (-) | 110 |
Total power plant | (kWp) | 35.75 |
Inverter number | (-) | 1 |
Auxiliaries efficiency | (%) | 85 |
Electric power consumption preintervention | (MWh/year) | 876 |
Electric power consumption postintervention | (MWh/year) | 832 |
Energy saving | (kWh/year) | 43,900 |
PV total cost | (€) | 11,281 |
Inverter cost | (€) | 6000 |
Additional costs: parallel switchboard, conduits, connections, etc. | (€) | 2000 |
Total supply costs | (€) | 19,281 |
Cost of labour | (€) | 3800 |
Investment | (€) | 24,001 |
i | In | NPV | PI |
---|---|---|---|
(%) | (Years) | (€) | (€/€) |
0 | 3 | 130,791.00 | 5.44 |
3 | 3 | 91,142.66 | 3.79 |
5 | 3 | 72,448.51 | 3.02 |
7 | 3 | 57,988.67 | 2.42 |
10 | 4 | 41,885.98 | 1.74 |
Parameters | u.m. | Requirements | Post Retrofit Data | |
---|---|---|---|---|
H’T | Average overall heat transfer coefficient for transmission per unit of surface dispersant | (W/m2K) | ≤0.53 | 0.78 |
Asol.est/Asup utile | Summer equivalent solar area per unit of useful surface | (-) | ≤0.040 | 0.035 |
ηH | Seasonal average efficiency for domestic hot water production | (%) | ≥81% | 85% |
EpH | Specific primary energy index for winter heating. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤80.35 | 79.10 |
EpH.nd | Useful thermal performance index for winter heating | (kWh/m2) | ≤99.19 | 93.06 |
ηw | Seasonal average efficiency for domestic hot water production | (%) | ≥81% | 85% |
Epw | Specific primary energy index for hot water supply. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤18.45 | 17.65 |
Epw.nd | Useful thermal performance index for hot water supply. | (kWh/m2) | ≤26.35 | 24.85 |
ηc | Seasonal average efficiency for air cooling systems (including the possible humidity control) | (%) | ≥81% | 85% |
Epc | Specific primary energy for summer cooling (including the possible humidity control). (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤45.22 | 43.24 |
Epc.nd | Useful thermal performance index for summer cooling | (kWh/m2) | ≤52.77 | 52.34 |
Ept | Energy performance index of the service for the transport of people and things (lift systems and escalators). (2) | (kWh/m2) | ≤5.46 | 3.58 |
Epv | Energy performance index for ventilation. (1). | (kWh/m2) | ≤22.47 | 17.45 |
EpL | Energy performance index of the service for lighting. (2) | (kWh/m2) | ≤21.15 | 18.65 |
Epgl | Index overall energy performance of the building. (1) | (kWh/m2) | ≤171.95 | 168.64 |
Pel.ren | Photovoltaic power plant | (kW) | ≥35.20 | 36 |
CFEren.DHW+CLIM | Requirements for DWH and air-conditioning due to renewable sources | (%) | ≥55 | 71% |
CFEren.DHW | Requirements for DWH due to renewable sources | (%) | ≥55 | 60% |
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Cumo, F.; Nardecchia, F.; Agostinelli, S.; Rosa, F. Transforming a Historic Public Office Building in the Centre of Rome into nZEB: Limits and Potentials. Energies 2022, 15, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030697
Cumo F, Nardecchia F, Agostinelli S, Rosa F. Transforming a Historic Public Office Building in the Centre of Rome into nZEB: Limits and Potentials. Energies. 2022; 15(3):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030697
Chicago/Turabian StyleCumo, Fabrizio, Fabio Nardecchia, Sofia Agostinelli, and Flavio Rosa. 2022. "Transforming a Historic Public Office Building in the Centre of Rome into nZEB: Limits and Potentials" Energies 15, no. 3: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030697