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Volume 15
Issue 2
10.3390/en15020559
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Article

Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading

by
Moritz Braun
1,*,
Alfons Dörner
1,
Kane F. ter Veer
1,
Tom Willems
2,
Marc Seidel
3,
Hayo Hendrikse
4,
Knut V. Høyland
5,
Claas Fischer
6 and
Sören Ehlers
1
1
Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
2
Formerly: Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy GmbH & Co. KG, 20097 Hamburg, Germany
3
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy GmbH & Co. KG, 20097 Hamburg, Germany
4
Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
5
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
6
TÜV NORD EnSys GmbH & Co. KG, 22769 Hamburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2022, 15(2), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020559
Submission received: 9 December 2021 / Revised: 6 January 2022 / Accepted: 10 January 2022 / Published: 13 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Analysis, Field Testing and Experimental Assessment of Offshore Wind Turbines)
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Abstract

Fixed offshore wind turbines continue to be developed for high latitude areas where not only wind and wave loads need to be considered but also moving sea ice. Current rules and regulations for the design of fixed offshore structures in ice-covered waters do not adequately consider the effects of ice loading and its stochastic nature on the fatigue life of the structure. Ice crushing on such structures results in ice-induced vibrations, which can be represented by loading the structure using a variable-amplitude loading (VAL) sequence. Typical offshore load spectra are developed for wave and wind loading. Thus, a combined VAL spectrum is developed for wind, wave, and ice action. To this goal, numerical models are used to simulate the dynamic ice-, wind-, and wave-structure interaction. The stress time-history at an exemplarily selected critical point in an offshore wind energy monopile support structure is extracted from the model and translated into a VAL sequence, which can then be used as a loading sequence for the fatigue assessment or fatigue testing of welded joints of offshore wind turbine support structures. This study presents the approach to determine combined load spectra and standardized time series for wind, wave, and ice action.
Keywords: arctic conditions; ice-induced vibrations; offshore wind turbine support structures; stress-time sequence; damage model; rainflow counting; Markov chain method; omission level; low-temperature fatigue arctic conditions; ice-induced vibrations; offshore wind turbine support structures; stress-time sequence; damage model; rainflow counting; Markov chain method; omission level; low-temperature fatigue

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MDPI and ACS Style

Braun, M.; Dörner, A.; ter Veer, K.F.; Willems, T.; Seidel, M.; Hendrikse, H.; Høyland, K.V.; Fischer, C.; Ehlers, S. Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading. Energies 2022, 15, 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020559

AMA Style

Braun M, Dörner A, ter Veer KF, Willems T, Seidel M, Hendrikse H, Høyland KV, Fischer C, Ehlers S. Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading. Energies. 2022; 15(2):559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020559

Chicago/Turabian Style

Braun, Moritz, Alfons Dörner, Kane F. ter Veer, Tom Willems, Marc Seidel, Hayo Hendrikse, Knut V. Høyland, Claas Fischer, and Sören Ehlers. 2022. "Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading" Energies 15, no. 2: 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020559

APA Style

Braun, M., Dörner, A., ter Veer, K. F., Willems, T., Seidel, M., Hendrikse, H., Høyland, K. V., Fischer, C., & Ehlers, S. (2022). Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading. Energies, 15(2), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020559

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