The Associations of Young Poles with Green Energy in the Context of Self-Assessment of Their Relevant Knowledge and the Importance Attached to the Energy Sources Used
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Level of Market Awareness of Recipients
2.2. Green Energy and Its Importance
3. Methods
4. Research Results
- (1)
- H2 is true for 3 positive associations;
- (2)
- H3 is true for 7 negative associations;
- (3)
- H4 is true for 6 positive associations;
- (4)
- H5 is true for 3 negative associations.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Summary
6.2. Implications, Limitations of the Research and Directions for Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Associations with Green Energy | Indications% | Average Score | Standard Deviation | Position | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||||
It is renewable energy | 60.1 | 32.8 | 5.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 4.51 | 0.695 | 1 |
Green energy is cheaper than conventional energy | 14.5 | 29.3 | 37.9 | 13.2 | 5.1 | 3.35 | 1.045 | 10 |
Green energy is an opportunity for energy security of the state due to the need to limit the use of fossil fuels | 36.3 | 37.9 | 18.3 | 5.1 | 2.3 | 4.01 | 0.979 | 4 |
Green energy depends on the weather and does not ensure the stability of electricity supply | 18.3 | 36.0 | 26.7 | 15.4 | 3.5 | 3.50 | 1.068 | 7 |
Green energy is expensive not only because of the cost of devices, but also because of their operating costs | 7.1 | 38.9 | 37.9 | 11.9 | 4.2 | 3.33 | 0.924 | 11 |
Green energy should complement, not replace, energy from conventional sources | 9.6 | 22.5 | 29.9 | 30.2 | 7.7 | 2.96 | 0.806 | 12 |
Green energy has a positive impact on the natural environment | 52.4 | 31.8 | 12.9 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 4.33 | 0.822 | 2 |
Green energy has a positive effect on human health | 46.6 | 35.0 | 15.8 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 4.24 | 0.857 | 3 |
Green energy has a positive impact on the economic situation of the state | 23.2 | 35.4 | 37.3 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.77 | 0.876 | 6 |
Green energy is an element imposed by the European Union | 14.8 | 28.9 | 39.5 | 12.9 | 3.9 | 3.38 | 1.012 | 9 |
Green energy is responsible for the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere | 1.6 | 5.1 | 28.3 | 28.3 | 36.7 | 2.07 | 0.799 | 18 |
Green energy is just a good-sounding argument that allows someone to earn a lot from it | 2.6 | 11.9 | 30.5 | 27.3 | 27.7 | 2.34 | 0.784 | 14 |
Green energy is just a marketing slogan | 1.9 | 7.4 | 24.1 | 35.4 | 31.2 | 2.14 | 0.804 | 16 |
The costs of producing green energy exceed the benefits achieved | 2.3 | 9.0 | 48.6 | 25.4 | 14.8 | 2.59 | 0.725 | 13 |
Green energy is a permanent trend (it is the future) | 23.8 | 49.5 | 21.5 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 3.90 | 0.856 | 5 |
The fashion for green energy will pass quickly | 1.9 | 4.8 | 27.7 | 39.2 | 26.4 | 2.17 | 0.839 | 15 |
Green energy is a great manipulation of society | 2.3 | 8.0 | 26.4 | 26.0 | 37.3 | 2.12 | 0.773 | 17 |
Green energy can completely replace energy from non-renewable sources (e.g., coal) | 19.0 | 29.3 | 30.5 | 16.4 | 4.8 | 3.41 | 1.115 | 8 |
Installations for the production of green energy are too expensive, especially for the average citizen | 12.5 | 35.4 | 35.0 | 14.5 | 2.6 | 3.41 | 0.969 | 8 |
Self-Assessment of Knowledge about Green Energy | Indications (%) | |
---|---|---|
very little | 2.9 | 63.7 |
rather little | 33.8 | |
it’s hard to say | 27.0 | |
rather high | 34.1 | 36.3 |
very high | 2.2 |
Importance of Energy Sources (Conventional or Renewable) | Indications (%) | |
---|---|---|
totally unimportant | 1.7 | 33.2 |
rather unimportant | 13.8 | |
hard to say | 17.7 | |
rather important | 48.2 | 66.8 |
very important | 18.6 |
Associations with Green Energy | Chi2 Test | V-Cramer Coefficient | Level of Significance ‘p’ |
---|---|---|---|
Energy from renewable sources | 7.020 | 0.150 | 0.135 |
Green energy is cheaper than conventional energy | 7.267 | 0.153 | 0.122 |
Green energy is an opportunity for the energy security of the state due to the need to limit the use of fossil fuels | 10.533 | 0.184 | 0.032 |
Green energy depends on the weather and does not ensure the stability of electricity supply | 3.964 | 0.113 | 0.411 |
Green energy is expensive not only because of the cost of devices, but also because of their operating costs | 1.130 | 0.060 | 0.889 |
Green energy should complement, not replace, energy from conventional sources | 7.144 | 0.152 | 0.128 |
Green energy has a positive impact on the natural environment | 8.143 | 0.162 | 0.086 |
Green energy has a positive impact on human health | 6.988 | 0.150 | 0.137 |
Green energy has a positive impact on the economic situation of the state | 7.362 | 0.154 | 0.118 |
Green energy is an element imposed by the European Union | 4.634 | 0.122 | 0.327 |
Green energy is responsible for the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere | 19.486 | 0.250 | 0.001 |
Green energy is just a good-sounding argument that allows someone to earn a lot from it | 13.909 | 0.211 | 0.008 |
Green energy is just a marketing slogan | 16.176 | 0.228 | 0.003 |
The costs of producing green energy exceed the benefits achieved | 21.027 | 0.260 | 0.000 |
Green energy is a permanent trend (it is the future) | 11.300 | 0.191 | 0.023 |
The fashion for green energy will pass quickly | 17.051 | 0.234 | 0.002 |
Green energy is a great manipulation of society | 13.200 | 0.206 | 0.010 |
Green energy can completely replace energy from non-renewable sources (e.g., coal) | 19.023 | 0.247 | 0.001 |
Installations for the production of green energy are too expensive, especially for an average citizen | 11.735 | 0.194 | 0.019 |
Associations with Green Energy | Chi2 Test | V-Cramer Coefficient | Level of Significance ‘p’ |
---|---|---|---|
Energy from renewable sources | 13.781 | 0.211 | 0.008 |
Green energy is cheaper than conventional energy | 3.959 | 0.113 | 0.412 |
Green energy is an opportunity for the energy security of the state due to the need to limit the use of fossil fuels | 11.588 | 0.193 | 0.021 |
Green energy depends on the weather and does not ensure the stability of electricity supply | 1.803 | 0.076 | 0.772 |
Green energy is expensive not only because of the cost of devices, but also because of their operating costs | 2.477 | 0.089 | 0.649 |
Green energy should complement, not replace, energy from conventional sources | 7.400 | 0.154 | 0.116 |
Green energy has a positive impact on the natural environment | 10.219 | 0.181 | 0.037 |
Green energy has a positive impact on human health | 11.170 | 0.190 | 0.025 |
Green energy has a positive impact on the economic situation of the state | 12.799 | 0.203 | 0.012 |
Green energy is an element imposed by the European Union | 7.168 | 0.152 | 0.127 |
Green energy is responsible for the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere | 11.331 | 0.191 | 0.023 |
Green energy is just a good-sounding argument that allows someone to earn a lot from it | 4.830 | 0.125 | 0.305 |
Green energy is just a marketing slogan | 6.410 | 0.144 | 0.171 |
The costs of producing green energy exceed the benefits achieved | 5.551 | 0.134 | 0.235 |
Green energy is a permanent trend (it is the future) | 24.260 | 0.279 | 0.000 |
The fashion for green energy will pass quickly | 15.589 | 0.224 | 0.004 |
Green energy is a great manipulation of society | 12.997 | 0.204 | 0.011 |
Green energy can completely replace energy from non-renewable sources (e.g., coal) | 7.678 | 0.157 | 0.104 |
Installations for the production of green energy are too expensive, especially for an average citizen | 1.496 | 0.069 | 0.827 |
Factor | Eigenvalue | Cumulated Eigenvalue | % of Total Eigenvalues (Variation) | Cumulated% of Eigenvalues | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Little | High | Total | Little | High | Total | Little | High | Total | Little | High | |
1 | 3.604 | 3.466 | 3.602 | 3.604 | 3.466 | 3.602 | 32.761 | 31.509 | 32.749 | 32.761 | 31.509 | 32.749 |
2 | 1.617 | 1.778 | 1.816 | 5.221 | 5.244 | 5.418 | 14.702 | 16.162 | 16.508 | 47.462 | 47.671 | 49.257 |
3 | 1.610 | 1.504 | 1.692 | 6.831 | 6.748 | 7.110 | 14.633 | 13.671 | 15.384 | 62.096 | 61.342 | 64.641 |
Variable | Factor | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
Total | Little | High | Total | Little | High | Total | Little | High | |
Green energy is just a marketing slogan | 0.844 | 0.828 | 0.868 | 0.167 | 0.203 | 0.117 | 0.129 | 0.176 | 0.058 |
The fashion for green energy will pass quickly | 0.793 | 0.826 | 0.742 | 0.109 | 0.031 | 0.201 | 0.054 | −0.010 | 0.169 |
Green energy is a great manipulation of society | 0.785 | 0.834 | 0.760 | 0.232 | 0.128 | 0.211 | 0.070 | −0.032 | 0.272 |
Green energy is just a good-sounding argument that allows someone to earn a lot from it | 0.764 | 0.773 | 0.733 | 0.205 | 0.293 | 0.387 | 0.278 | 0.248 | 0.016 |
Green energy is responsible for the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere | 0.708 | 0.609 | 0.702 | −0.162 | −0.178 | −0.311 | 0.060 | 0.418 | −0.007 |
The costs of producing green energy exceed the benefits achieved | 0.617 | 0.568 | 0.673 | 0.482 | 0.485 | 0.147 | 0.143 | 0.156 | 0.425 |
Installations for the production of green energy are too expensive, especially for an average citizen | 0.179 | 0.210 | 0.121 | 0.796 | 0.687 | −0.009 | −0.024 | −0.100 | 0.907 |
Green energy is expensive not only because of the cost of devices, but also because of their operating costs | 0.088 | 0.100 | 0.132 | 0.666 | 0.713 | 0.409 | 0.391 | 0.267 | 0.657 |
Green energy depends on the weather and does not ensure the stability of electricity supply | 0.077 | −0.016 | 0.154 | 0.067 | 0.299 | 0.799 | 0.836 | 0.746 | 0.056 |
Green energy should complement, not replace, energy from conventional sources | 0.368 | 0.239 | 0.423 | 0.032 | 0.066 | 0.385 | 0.631 | 0.744 | 0.351 |
Green energy is an element imposed by the European Union | −0.017 | 0.008 | 0.065 | 0.374 | 0.541 | 0.704 | 0.484 | 0.138 | 0.159 |
Factor | Eigenvalue | Cumulated Eigenvalue | % of Total Eigenvalues (Variation) | Cumulated% of Eigenvalues | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Unimportant | Important | Total | Unimportant | Important | Total | Unimportant | Important | Total | Unimportant | Important | |
1 | 3.604 | 3.770 | 3.490 | 3.604 | 3.770 | 3.490 | 32.761 | 34.274 | 31.731 | 32.761 | 34.274 | 31.731 |
2 | 1.617 | 1.667 | 1.700 | 5.221 | 5.437 | 5.190 | 14.702 | 15.152 | 15.456 | 47.462 | 49.426 | 47.187 |
3 | 1.610 | 1.550 | 1.629 | 6.831 | 6.987 | 6.819 | 14.633 | 14.092 | 14.811 | 62.096 | 63.518 | 61.998 |
Variable | Factor | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
Total | Unimportant | Important | Total | Unimportant | Important | Total | Unimportant | Important | |
Green energy is just a marketing slogan | 0.844 | 0.871 | 0.827 | 0.167 | 0.103 | 0.106 | 0.129 | 0.192 | 0.192 |
The fashion for green energy will pass quickly | 0.793 | 0.831 | 0.770 | 0.109 | 0.027 | 0.057 | 0.054 | −0.066 | 0.186 |
Green energy is a great manipulation of society | 0.785 | 0.798 | 0.769 | 0.232 | 0.116 | 0.043 | 0.070 | 0.051 | 0.322 |
Green energy is just a good-sounding argument that allows someone to earn a lot from it | 0.764 | 0.742 | 0.775 | 0.205 | 0.187 | 0.238 | 0.278 | 0.359 | 0.211 |
Green energy is responsible for the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere | 0.708 | 0.678 | 0.699 | −0.162 | −0.148 | 0.002 | 0.060 | 0.206 | −0.123 |
The costs of producing green energy exceed the benefits achieved | 0.617 | 0.764 | 0.521 | 0.482 | 0.310 | 0.237 | 0.143 | 0.144 | 0.515 |
Installations for the production of green energy are too expensive, especially for an average citizen | 0.179 | 0.171 | 0.174 | 0.796 | 0.681 | −0.007 | −0.024 | 0.148 | 0.800 |
Green energy is expensive not only because of the cost of devices, but also because of their operating costs | 0.088 | 0.115. | 0.071 | 0.666 | 0.673 | 0.464 | 0.391 | 0.324 | 0.628 |
Green energy depends on the weather and does not ensure the stability of electricity supply | 0.077 | 0132 | 0.049 | 0.067 | 0.018 | 0.859 | 0.836 | 0.838 | 0.038 |
Green energy should complement, not replace, energy from conventional sources | 0.368 | 0.171 | 0.471 | 0.032 | 0.297 | 0.546 | 0.631 | 0.694 | −0.068 |
Green energy is an element imposed by the European Union | −0.017 | −0.033 | 0.029 | 0.374 | 0.705 | 0.566 | 0.484 | −0.060 | 0.301 |
Group of Respondents | Sets of Respondents Identified | ||
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1 | 2 | 3 | |
The total of respondents |
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People assessing their knowledge as low |
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People assessing their knowledge as high |
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People assigning little importance to energy sources |
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People assigning much importance to energy sources |
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Baruk, A.I.; Goliszek, A. The Associations of Young Poles with Green Energy in the Context of Self-Assessment of Their Relevant Knowledge and the Importance Attached to the Energy Sources Used. Energies 2022, 15, 7183. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197183
Baruk AI, Goliszek A. The Associations of Young Poles with Green Energy in the Context of Self-Assessment of Their Relevant Knowledge and the Importance Attached to the Energy Sources Used. Energies. 2022; 15(19):7183. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197183
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaruk, Agnieszka Izabela, and Anna Goliszek. 2022. "The Associations of Young Poles with Green Energy in the Context of Self-Assessment of Their Relevant Knowledge and the Importance Attached to the Energy Sources Used" Energies 15, no. 19: 7183. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197183
APA StyleBaruk, A. I., & Goliszek, A. (2022). The Associations of Young Poles with Green Energy in the Context of Self-Assessment of Their Relevant Knowledge and the Importance Attached to the Energy Sources Used. Energies, 15(19), 7183. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197183