Research on Crop Growing Factory: Focusing on Lighting and Environmental Control with Technological Proposal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Research
3. Methods and Proposed System
3.1. Analysis of Optical Spectral Characteristics in Near-Infrared (NIR) Range Following Crop Growth Performance
3.2. Analysis of Crop Growth Characteristics by Images and System Design and Construction: Imaging System Design Using Spectral Characteristics
3.3. Development of Crop Image Processing Algorithm for Determination of Required Environmental Controlled Variables
3.3.1. Development of Basic Image Processing Algorithm for Determination of Crop Growth: Development of an Algorithm Detecting Abnormal Parts, Based on the NIR Images
3.3.2. The Image Processing Algorithm for the Comparison of Crop Growth Conditions by Test Group
3.4. The Crop Cultivation Test Groups for Environmental Control and Monitoring: Crop Cultivation System
4. Experiment
4.1. Experiment Subjects
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Measurement and Analysis
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. First Experiment
5.2. Second Experiment
5.3. Third Experiment
5.4. Statistical Data Analysis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CCD | Charged-Coupled Device |
PC | Personal Computer |
ICT | Information and Communications Technology |
IoT | Internet of Things |
CCTV | Closed-Circuit Television |
LED | Light Emitting Diode |
PCB | Printed Circuit Board |
PPDF | Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density |
TSA | Trypticase Soy Agar |
SDAC | Sabouraud Dextrose Agar + Chloramphenicol |
CFU | Colony Forming Unit |
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Test Group | Image Measurements | Actual Physical Measurements | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Projected Pixel | Number of Leaves (ea) | Leaf Fresh Wight (g) | Leaf Dry Weight (g) | Length of Leaf (cm) | Length of Root (cm) | Root Fresh Weight (g) | Root Dry Weight (g) | |
R (650 nm) | 83,519 | 9.00 | 33.27 | 1.18 | 9.81 | 16.96 | 4.12 | 0.19 |
R (647 nm) | 85,335 | 10.40 | 30.93 | 1.31 | 8.95 | 19.50 | 4.67 | 0.18 |
R (622 nm) | 72,968 | 8.00 | 28.86 | 1.20 | 8.96 | 18.14 | 4.85 | 0.26 |
B (463 nm) | 153,378 | 6.20 | 25.14 | 0.20 | 10.34 | 17.44 | 4.01 | 0.20 |
B (450 nm) | 128,208 | 7.00 | 26.30 | 1.39 | 10.12 | 17.26 | 3.32 | 0.37 |
Wh_All | 96,045 | 8.40 | 30.44 | 1.10 | 9.87 | 19.70 | 3.03 | 0.16 |
R:B (8:2) | 73,418 | 8.00 | 24.22 | 0.85 | 8.27 | 16.62 | 3.05 | 0.15 |
R:W (7:3) | 71,340 | 8.20 | 26.48 | 1.09 | 8.85 | 18.06 | 3.25 | 0.15 |
R:B (9:1) | 70,928 | 9.40 | 30.95 | 1.41 | 9.06 | 16.18 | 3.99 | 0.19 |
R:B (7:3) | 73,441 | 9.40 | 32.27 | 1.12 | 10.11 | 18.62 | 3.36 | 0.14 |
R:B (6:4) | 79,364 | 7.80 | 25.35 | 1.18 | 9.02 | 18.86 | 3.22 | 0.16 |
R:B (5:5) | 68,379 | 8.40 | 21.63 | 1.09 | 8.79 | 18.50 | 3.23 | 0.18 |
Sun 1 | 162,485 | 7.40 | 42.63 | 1.87 | 12.03 | 16.36 | 2.99 | 0.13 |
Sun 2 | 124,183 | 8.60 | 39.53 | 2.11 | 10.34 | 19.50 | 3.62 | 0.22 |
First-Phase Experiment (1–28 February) | ||||||
Pollutant | Spot | Concentration | Spot | Concentration | ||
Airborne fungi | In | 427 ± 228 CFU/m3 | Out | 540 ± 210 CFU/m3 | ||
Airborne bacteria | 540 ± 210 CFU/m3 | 476 ± 170 CFU/m3 | ||||
Particulate matter | TSP | >6579 μg/m3 | TSP | 91.64 ± 44.47 μg/m3 | ||
PM10 | >6579 μg/m3 | PM10 | 32.6 ± 15.56 μg/m3 | |||
PM2.5 | >657.9 μg/m3 | PM2.5 | 16.45 ± 1.26 μg/m3 | |||
PM1 | >657.9 μg/m3 | PM1 | 7.10 ± 0.32 μg/m3 | |||
Micro-climate conditions (temperature: 11.2 ± 1.3 ℃, relative humidity: 31.3 ± 2.2%) in the plant factory | ||||||
Result: All experimental plants died after of 14 days of planting. (It might be due to the low temperature and humidity conditions and the high dust level.) | ||||||
Second-Phase Experiment (15 March–12 April) | ||||||
Pollutant | Spot | Concentration | Spot | Concentration | ||
Airborne fungi | In | 525 ± 150 CFU/m3 | Out | 1656 ± 414 CFU/m3 | ||
Airborne bacteria | 647 ± 241 CFU/m3 | 2267 ± 677 CFU/m3 | ||||
Particulate matter | TSP | 155.46 ± 52.40 μg/m3 | TSP | 101.22 ± 36.19 μg/m3 | ||
PM10 | 64.76 ± 9.71 μg/m3 | PM10 | 61.22 ± 28.36 μg/m3 | |||
PM2.5 | 14.18 ± 1.76 μg/m3 | PM2.5 | 14.46 ± 1.25 μg/m3 | |||
PM1 | 3.64 ± 0.38 μg/m3 | PM1 | 3.83 ± 0.45 μg/m3 | |||
Micro-climate conditions (temperature: 12.2 ± 3.3 ℃, relative humidity: 31.7 ± 4.2%) | ||||||
Result: All plants died after 23 days of planting (it might be due to the failure of electric conductivity; 10.7 dS/m) in nutritional solution. Continuous nutrient solution was mistakenly fed to the plants on a daily basis. | ||||||
Third Experiment (28 October–25 November) | ||||||
Pollutant | Spot | Concentration | Spot | Concentration | ||
Airborne fungi | In | 1113 ± 849 CFU/m3 | Out | 1462 ± 324 CFU/m3 | ||
Airborne bacteria | 1533 ± 1226 CFU/m3 | 4133 ± 1200 CFU/m3 | ||||
Particulate matter | TSP | 183.10 ± 28.19 μg/m3 | TSP | 87.68 ± 20.68 μg/m3 | ||
PM10 | 73.88 ± 20.52 μg/m3 | PM10 | 35.78 ± 14.02 μg/m3 | |||
PM2.5 | 12.53 ± 3.57 μg/m3 | PM2.5 | 10.23 ± 0.86 μg/m3 | |||
PM1 | 4.13 ± 0.15 μg/m3 | PM1 | 4.30 ± 0.47 μg/m3 | |||
Micro-climate conditions (temperature: 12.2 ± 3.3 ℃, relative humidity: 31.7 ± 4.2%) in the plant factory | ||||||
Result: The growth of lettuce was satisfactory. |
Mean Rank | RED | BLUE | (R):(B) | (R)7: 3(W) | WHITE | Control | Significance Value by Kruskal Wallis | Significance Value By Run Test | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(650) | (647) | (622) | (463) | (450) | 9:1 | 8:2 | 7:3 | 6:4 | 5:5 | (1) | (2) | |||||
Number of leaves **‡ | 3 | 1 | 9 | 14 | 13 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 5 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
Fresh weight **‡ | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 4 | 13 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Dry weight **‡ | 7 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 14 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.004 |
Root length | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 7 | 0.761 | 0.339 |
Root fresh weight ‡ | 13 | 12 | 14 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 0.025 | 0.810 |
Root dry weight | 14 | 13 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0.072 | 0.486 |
Chlorophyll **‡ | 13 | 12 | 14 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 0.000 | 0.004 |
Photosynthetic photon flux density ** | 14 | 13 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0.002 | 0.086 |
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Kim, K.-Y.; Huh, J.-H.; Ko, H.-J. Research on Crop Growing Factory: Focusing on Lighting and Environmental Control with Technological Proposal. Energies 2021, 14, 2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092624
Kim K-Y, Huh J-H, Ko H-J. Research on Crop Growing Factory: Focusing on Lighting and Environmental Control with Technological Proposal. Energies. 2021; 14(9):2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092624
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ki-Youn, Jun-Ho Huh, and Han-Jong Ko. 2021. "Research on Crop Growing Factory: Focusing on Lighting and Environmental Control with Technological Proposal" Energies 14, no. 9: 2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092624