Analysis and Evaluation of Heat Pipe Efficiency to Reduce Low Emission with the Use of Working Agents R134A, R404A and R407C, R410A
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Used Materials and Their Properties
2.2. Assembly of the Test Bench
- -
- internal diameter: dw = 0.016 (m)
- -
- outer diameter: dz = 0.018 (m)
- -
- tube height: h = 1.769 (m)
2.3. Measuring Points and Quantities of Interest
- Emptying the heat pipe (creating a vacuum);
- Filling the heat pipe with an appropriate amount of the working medium;
- Determining the assumed temperatures in the ultrathermostats;
- Pumping heating and cooling factors for the heat pipe;
- Setting the uniform flow of heating and cooling factors in the heat pipe at 15 Lh;
- Determining the resultant temperatures tz2, trg, trz, tg2;
- Reading of measurement data.
2.4. Test Procedure (Used for the Repetitiveness and Archivibility of the Document, Number of Tests Performer)
2.5. Tests of a Copper (Cu) Heat Pipe 1769 mm Long
3. Results
3.1. Heat Copper Tube Exchanger, 1769 mm Long, 18 mm Outside Diameter and 1 mm Wall Thickness
3.1.1. Comparative Analysis of Test Results for Various Charges of the R134A Working Medium
3.1.2. Comparative Analysis of Test Results for Various Charges with the R404A Working Medium
3.1.3. Comparative Analysis of the Test Results for Various Charges with the R407 C Working Medium
3.1.4. Analysis of the Most Favorable Refrigerants: R134A, R404A, R407C
3.1.5. Thermographic Analysis of the Heat Pipe during Operation
3.2. Tests of a Brass (CuZn39Pb3) Heat Pipe 550 mm Long
3.2.1. Comparative Analysis of Test Results for Various Charges of the R134A Working Medium
3.2.2. Comparative Analysis of Test Results for Various Charges with the R404A Working Medium
3.2.3. Comparative Analysis of Test Results for Various Fillings with the R407C Working Medium
3.2.4. Comparative Analysis of Test Results for Various Charges with the R410A Working Medium
3.3. Comparative Analysis of the Most Advantageous Fillings of the Heat Pipe 550 mm Long Compared to the Heat Pipe 1769 mm Long
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion on the Choice of the Working Medium and the Selection of Its Quantity
4.2. Discussion on the Efficiency of Heat Pipes and the Value of the Heat Flux Transferred by Them
4.3. Discussions on the Advisability of Using Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers for the Needs of Civil Engineering and Air Conditioning to Reduce Low Emissions
5. Conclusions
- selection of the best working medium and determination of its optimal quantity;
- the efficiency of the heat pipes and the value of the heat flux transmitted by them;
- the desirability of using heat pipe heat exchangers for structural engineering and air conditioning to reduce low emissions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Tg1 [°C] | R134A 10% | R404A 10% | R407C 5% | Vacuum | Air | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qg [W] | Qz [W] | ɳ [%] | Qg [W] | Qz [W] | ɳ [%] | Qg [W] | Qz [W] | ɳ [%] | Qg [W] | Qz [W] | ɳ [%] | Qg [W] | Qz [W] | ɳ [%] | |
15.00 | 30.76 | 27.73 | 90.00 | 24.17 | 20.03 | 83.00 | 0.44 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
20.00 | 39.48 | 35.65 | 90.00 | 37.29 | 31.70 | 85.00 | 0.88 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
25.00 | 63.48 | 57.88 | 91.00 | 59.11 | 51.72 | 88.00 | 13.13 | 1.76 | 13.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
30.00 | 83.05 | 78.33 | 94.00 | 78.68 | 71.85 | 91.00 | 34.93 | 11.23 | 32.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
35.00 | 104.60 | 99.04 | 95.00 | 109.00 | 100.70 | 92.00 | 54.47 | 34.12 | 63.00 | 1.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.36 | 0.44 | 10.00 |
40.00 | 134.90 | 127.60 | 95.00 | 135.10 | 124.20 | 92.00 | 84.84 | 61.64 | 73.00 | 2.18 | 0.22 | 10.00 | 6.53 | 0.88 | 13.00 |
45.00 | 160.70 | 151.80 | 94.00 | 154.50 | 140.70 | 91.00 | 128.10 | 97.97 | 76.00 | 3.26 | 0.44 | 13.00 | 7.61 | 1.32 | 17.00 |
50.00 | 199.30 | 184.80 | 93.00 | 176.00 | 150.80 | 86.00 | 162.50 | 126.60 | 78.00 | 4.34 | 0.66 | 15.00 | 8.69 | 1.98 | 23.00 |
Tg1 [°C] | Copper Tube. 1769 mm Long. 18 mm in Diameter. Filled with 10% of the Total Volume of R134A | A Brass Heat Pipe. 550 mm Long. 22 mm in Diameter. Filled with 20% of the Total Volume of R404A | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qg [W] | Qz [W] | ɳ [%] | Qg [W] | Qz [W] | ɳ [%] | |
15.00 | 30.76 | 27.73 | 90.15 | 7.00 | 6.48 | 0.00 |
20.00 | 39.48 | 35.65 | 90.30 | 21.00 | 20.23 | 0.00 |
25.00 | 63.48 | 57.88 | 91.19 | 39.28 | 38.73 | 98.59 |
30.00 | 83.05 | 78.33 | 94.32 | 58.26 | 55.03 | 94.23 |
35.00 | 104.64 | 99.04 | 94.64 | 75.25 | 75.02 | 99.70 |
40.00 | 134.92 | 127.65 | 94.61 | 91.84 | 88.30 | 96.68 |
45.00 | 160.70 | 151.86 | 94.50 | 117.90 | 106.57 | 90.39 |
50.00 | 199.38 | 184.87 | 92.72 | 134.89 | 125.73 | 93.21 |
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Adrian, Ł.; Szufa, S.; Piersa, P.; Kuryło, P.; Mikołajczyk, F.; Kurowski, K.; Pochwała, S.; Obraniak, A.; Stelmach, J.; Wielgosiński, G.; et al. Analysis and Evaluation of Heat Pipe Efficiency to Reduce Low Emission with the Use of Working Agents R134A, R404A and R407C, R410A. Energies 2021, 14, 1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071926
Adrian Ł, Szufa S, Piersa P, Kuryło P, Mikołajczyk F, Kurowski K, Pochwała S, Obraniak A, Stelmach J, Wielgosiński G, et al. Analysis and Evaluation of Heat Pipe Efficiency to Reduce Low Emission with the Use of Working Agents R134A, R404A and R407C, R410A. Energies. 2021; 14(7):1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071926
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdrian, Łukasz, Szymon Szufa, Piotr Piersa, Piotr Kuryło, Filip Mikołajczyk, Krystian Kurowski, Sławomir Pochwała, Andrzej Obraniak, Jacek Stelmach, Grzegorz Wielgosiński, and et al. 2021. "Analysis and Evaluation of Heat Pipe Efficiency to Reduce Low Emission with the Use of Working Agents R134A, R404A and R407C, R410A" Energies 14, no. 7: 1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071926