Determination of Fuel Properties of Char Obtained during the Pyrolysis of Waste Pharmaceutical Blisters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- (a)
- the base foil, which is made out of plastics, molded such that the pills fit inside. Very often a thermoplastic polymer-based foil is employed, such as polypropylene (PP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC, PVDC or PVC/CTFE). They are characterized with different prices, as well as by varying transmission of humidity, which is an important parameter from the point of view of the duration of stored product (humidity may cause active substance degradation and cracking, discoloration or deterioration of the aesthetic aspects),
- (b)
- covering lid made out of an aluminum alloy. The layer admits neither moisture nor sunlight and allows for an easy detection for the state of packaging’s integrity,
- (c)
- coating from which various imprints are made, that allow for identification of the products and its expiration date.
2.2. Methods
- under secondary electron illumination (SEI—the contrast depends mainly on the surface topography),
- in the light of backscattered electrons (COMPO—reveals differences in chemical composition).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Gaseous Fraction’s Heating Value
3.2. Analysis of the Char’s Heating Value
- Wd—heating value
- w—moisture content ,
- Q—measured heat of combustion ,
- r—heat of water vaporization ,
- h—hydrogen content .
4. Conclusions
- at Tmax = 400 °C: 59.5 % char and 40.5 % metal;
- at Tmax = 425 °C: 57.4 % char and 42.6 % metal; and
- at Tmax = 450 °C: 55.6 % char and 44.4 % metal.
- at Tmax = 400 °C: 63.6 % char and 36.4 % metal;
- at Tmax = 425 °C: 62.6 % char and 37.4 % metal; and
- at Tmax = 450 °C: 60.4 % char and 39.6 % metal.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SERIE 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Test 1 | Test 2 | Test 3 | |
tstart | 3.52 | 0.69 | 1.95 |
tmid | 11.70 | 6.63 | 15.04 |
tmax | 17.33 | 19.39 | 20.14 |
SERIE 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Test 1 | Test 2 | Test 3 | |
tstart | 1.52 | 1.93 | 2.41 |
tmid | 8.55 | 7.04 | 9.48 |
tmax | 16.42 | 20.58 | 21.96 |
Content [%] | Sample | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serie 1 | Serie 2 | |||||
400 [°C] | 425 [°C] | 450 [°C] | 400 [°C] | 425 [°C] | 450 [°C] | |
Carbon | 76.4 | 71.4 | 73.6 | 78.8 | 80.0 | 71.7 |
Hydrogen | 5.7 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 5.0 |
Chlorine | 7.5 | 6.0 | 9.5 | 4.5 | 8.9 | 15.5 |
Nitrogen | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
Sulphur | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 3.3 |
Other | 7.6 | 14.6 | 9.1 | 8.0 | 3.2 | 2.8 |
Content [%] | Sample | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serie 1 | Serie 2 | |||||
400 [°C] | 425 [°C] | 450 [°C] | 400 [°C] | 425 [°C] | 450 [°C] | |
Flammable substances, including volatile substances | 91.5 39.3 | 88.3 30.0 | 85.4 25.5 | 91.4 43.2 | 90.3 35.7 | 83.8 33.6 |
Non-flammable substances, including moisture content | 8.5 4.7 | 11.7 5.5 | 14.6 7.4 | 8.6 3.7 | 9.7 5.8 | 16.2 6.9 |
Sample | Average Q [kJ/kg] | Moisture Content | Hydrogen Content | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Activated carbon | 30,578 | 1.0% | 1.0% | 30,023 |
Post-consumer waste, 400 °C | 32,534 | 3.7% | 6.5% | 29,781 |
Post-consumer waste, 425 °C | 30,337 | 5.8% | 5.5% | 27,200 |
Post-consumer waste, 450 °C | 23,312 | 6.9% | 5.0% | 20,411 |
Pre-consumer waste, 400 °C | 30,870 | 4.7% | 5.7% | 28,025 |
Pre-consumer waste, 425 °C | 29,144 | 5.0% | 5.0% | 26,442 |
Pre-consumer waste, 450 °C | 27,082 | 7.4% | 4.8% | 23,818 |
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Pikoń, K.; Ścierski, W.; Klejnowska, K.; Myćka, Ł.; Janoszka, A.; Sinek, A. Determination of Fuel Properties of Char Obtained during the Pyrolysis of Waste Pharmaceutical Blisters. Energies 2021, 14, 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061782
Pikoń K, Ścierski W, Klejnowska K, Myćka Ł, Janoszka A, Sinek A. Determination of Fuel Properties of Char Obtained during the Pyrolysis of Waste Pharmaceutical Blisters. Energies. 2021; 14(6):1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061782
Chicago/Turabian StylePikoń, Krzysztof, Waldemar Ścierski, Katarzyna Klejnowska, Łukasz Myćka, Anna Janoszka, and Aleksander Sinek. 2021. "Determination of Fuel Properties of Char Obtained during the Pyrolysis of Waste Pharmaceutical Blisters" Energies 14, no. 6: 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061782