Combined Engineering—Statistical Method for Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential on Residential Rooftops: Case of Laghouat in Central Southern Algeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Engineering Method
2.1.1. Characterization
- Multi-story apartments are mainly built by public structure (namely, Office de Promotion et de Gestion Immobilière (OPGI)), under different formulas partly financed by the government. In this regard, their construction is regulated according to specifications predefined at a regional level. Thus, the projects are set according to urban and architectural prescriptions related to the spatial and functional organization and the construction system.
- Single-family houses generally refer to self-constructions and vary from traditional to modern buildings. Due to the absence of accurate data, the study selects only individual buildings built within land subdivision operations, which are regulated by the public municipality or under the Master urban plan. These documents establish guidelines in terms of the plots’ size, their built coverage and the authorized height.
2.1.2. Radiation Analysis
2.1.3. Sunlight Hours Analysis
2.1.4. Coverage Ground Ratio
2.2. GIS Statistical Method
2.2.1. Total Roof Area
2.2.2. Geographical Potential Map
2.2.3. Utilization Factor
2.2.4. Technical Potential Maps
3. Case of Study
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Physical and Geographic Potential
4.1.1. Total Roof Area
4.1.2. Radiation Analysis
4.2. Utilization Factor
4.2.1. Roof Occupation
4.2.2. Shadow Losses
4.2.3. Coverage Ground Ratio (CGR)
- Tilts of 13.4° and 18° receive the maximal intensity of the solar radiation during summer and spring. In winter and autumn, the panels receive 80–90% of solar irradiation, consequently producing 23% less electricity, when considering 10% of annual shading.
- Tilts of 45–49.5° receive the maximal intensity of solar irradiation also during winter and autumn. In summer, it receives 80–90% of the total irradiation. Accordingly, the PV production decreases on average by 16%.
4.3. Technical Potential
5. Conclusions and Future Developments
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Roof Obstacles | Structural Element | Equipment | Service | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stair | Evacuation Shaft | Water Tank | Parabolic Antenna | AC Unit | Safety Perimeter | |
Mean % Area | 4% | 0.40% | 1.90% | 0.30% | 0.7% | 9.10% |
Single-family houses | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Multi-story Apartments | - | X | - | - | - | X |
Tilt Angle | Minimal Spacing (m2) | CGR |
---|---|---|
49.5° | 4.01 | 0.41 |
45° | 3.9 | 0.42 |
31.5° | 3.43 | 0.48 |
18° | 2.76 | 0.6 |
13.4° | 2.5 | 0.67 |
Utilisation Factor | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residential Flat Roofs | This study | [48] | [14] | [20] | [34] |
Single-family Houses Multi-Story Apartments | 0.18 | 0.2 | - | 0.35 | 0.51 |
0.35 | - | 0.25 0.5 | 0.48 | 0.54 |
ID | Housing Type/Number/Percentage | Population | Yearly Consumption (kWh) | Total Area (m2) | UF | Suitable Area (m2) | Yearly PV Potential (kWh) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | (SF) | 2556 | 67% | 15,336 | 20,900,974.32 | 626,220.00 | 0.18 | 112,719.60 | 26,482,396.50 |
(MS1) | 1240 | 33% | 7440 | 10,139,752.80 | 26,997.98 | 0.35 | 9449.29 | 2,220,020.99 | |
11 | (SF) | 1803 | 32% | 10,818 | 14,743,527.66 | 315,525.00 | 0.18 | 56,794.50 | 13,343,326.88 |
(MS2) | 854 | 15% | 5124 | 6,983,345.88 | 36,210.00 | 0.35 | 12,673.50 | 2,977,518.13 | |
(MS1) | 3006 | 53% | 18,036 | 24,580,723.32 | 47,100.51 | 0.35 | 16,485.18 | 3,873,035.36 | |
14 | (MS2) | 148 | 9% | 888 | 1,210,228.56 | 6290.00 | 0.35 | 2201.50 | 517,221.46 |
(MS1) | 1482 | 91% | 8892 | 12,118,640.04 | 33,345.00 | 0.35 | 11,670.75 | 2,741,931.56 | |
15 | (MS2) | 144 | 15% | 864 | 1,177,519.68 | 6120.00 | 0.35 | 2,142.00 | 503,242.50 |
(MS1) | 800 | 85% | 4800 | 6,541,776.00 | 24,848.59 | 0.35 | 8697.01 | 2,043,278.85 | |
16 | (SF) | 888 | 38% | 5328 | 7,261,371.36 | 93,240.00 | 0.18 | 16,783.20 | 3,943,053.00 |
(MS2) | 784 | 33% | 4704 | 6,410,940.48 | 33,320.00 | 0.35 | 11,662.00 | 2,739,875.83 | |
(MS1) | 684 | 29% | 4104 | 5,593,218.48 | 17,468.90 | 0.35 | 6114.12 | 1,436,453.09 | |
17 | SF | 1177 | 88% | 7062 | 9,624,587.94 | 123,585.00 | 0.18 | 22,245.30 | 5,226,321.38 |
(MS2) | 168 | 11% | 1008 | 1,373,772.96 | 7140.00 | 0.35 | 2499.00 | 587,116.25 | |
(MS1) | 1374 | 86% | 8244 | 11,235,500.28 | 37,161.61 | 0.35 | 13,006.56 | 3,055,768.47 | |
18 | (SF) | 231 | 100% | 1386 | 1,888,937.82 | 56,595.00 | 0.18 | 10,187.10 | 2,393,362.13 |
6 | (SF) | 1558 | 100% | 9348 | 12,740,435.38 | 272,656.99 | 0.18 | 49,078.26 | 11,530,469.35 |
7 | (SF) | 331 | 100% | 1986 | 2,706,659.82 | 69,510.00 | 0.18 | 12,511.80 | 2,939,528.25 |
9 | (MS1) | 750 | 100% | 4500 | 6,132,915.00 | 19,395.75 | 0.35 | 6788.51 | 1,594,896.36 |
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Boulahia, M.; Djiar, K.A.; Amado, M. Combined Engineering—Statistical Method for Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential on Residential Rooftops: Case of Laghouat in Central Southern Algeria. Energies 2021, 14, 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061626
Boulahia M, Djiar KA, Amado M. Combined Engineering—Statistical Method for Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential on Residential Rooftops: Case of Laghouat in Central Southern Algeria. Energies. 2021; 14(6):1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061626
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoulahia, Meskiana, Kahina Amal Djiar, and Miguel Amado. 2021. "Combined Engineering—Statistical Method for Assessing Solar Photovoltaic Potential on Residential Rooftops: Case of Laghouat in Central Southern Algeria" Energies 14, no. 6: 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061626