Operating Hardware Impact on the Heat Transfer Properties of Windows
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory and Calculation Methodology
2.1. Theory
2.2. Frame Geometries
2.3. Hardware Configurations
2.4. Numerical Simulations
2.5. Materials and Boundary Conditions
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Average air temperature | 283.15 | K |
Thermal conductivity | 0.02482 | W/(mK) |
Specific heat capacity | 1005.5 | J/(kgK) |
Dynamic viscosity | 1.7724 × 10−5 | kg/(ms) |
Density | 1.2467 | kg/m3 |
Thermal expansion coefficient | 3.5317 × 10−3 | m3/K |
Gravitational acceleration | 9.81 | m/s2 |
Case Label | 2D Cross-Section Performance W/(m2k) | 3D Performance, Number of Sections | Linear Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Section (20 mm) W/(m2K) | 6 Sections (120 mm) W/(m2K) | 12 Sections (240 mm) W/(m2K) | |||
F0 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 1.92 | Base frame |
F1 | 1.84 | 1.92 | 1.91 | 1.89 | 1.00 |
F2 | 1.86 | 1.92 | 1.91 | 1.90 | 1.00 |
F3 | 2.03 | 1.92 | 1.95 | 1.97 | 1.00 |
F4 | 2.21 | 1.93 | 1.98 | 2.04 | 1.00 |
F5 | 1.63 | 1.92 | 1.87 | 1.81 | 1.00 |
F6 | 1.66 | 1.92 | 1.88 | 1.82 | 1.00 |
F7 | 1.66 | 1.91 | 1.86 | 1.80 | 1.00 |
F8 | 1.67 | 1.91 | 1.87 | 1.82 | 1.00 |
F9 | 1.69 | 1.91 | 1.87 | 1.82 | 1.00 |
WO | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.90 | Base frame |
W1 | 2.13 | 1.91 | 1.95 | 2.00 | 1.00 |
W2 | 2.64 | 1.95 | 2.07 | 2.22 | 1.00 |
W3 | 3.58 | 2.00 | 2.28 | 2.62 | 1.00 |
W4 | 2.38 | 1.96 | 2.12 | 2.31 | 1.00 |
W5 | 2.38 | 1.92 | 2.00 | 2.08 | 0.99 |
W6 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 2.01 | 2.11 | 0.99 |
W7 | 2.43 | 1.93 | 2.02 | 2.13 | 0.99 |
W8 | 2.38 | 1.93 | 2.01 | 2.11 | 0.99 |
P0 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.38 | Base frame |
P1 | 1.41 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 0.98 |
P2 | 1.43 | 1.38 | 1.39 | 1.41 | 1.00 |
P3 | 1.51 | 1.38 | 1.49 | 1.42 | 0.99 |
P4 | 1.78 | 1.41 | 1.48 | 1.56 | 0.99 |
P5 | 1.84 | 1.40 | 1.46 | 1.52 | 1.00 |
P6 | 1.89 | 1.40 | 1.49 | 1.59 | 0.99 |
Frame Material | Sill Description Case Label (Width In mm) | 3D CFD U-Value W/(m2K) | 2D Weighted Model U-value W/(m2K) | Percent Difference | Actual Difference W/(m2k) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiberglass | F0(50)-F1(225)-F6(120)-F7(130)-F0(75) | 1.78 | 1.77 | 0.66% | 0.01 |
Wood | W0(315)-W2(30)-W7(30)-W4(30)-W1(50)-W6(145) | 2.19 | 2.16 | 2.19% | 0.04 |
PVC | P1(320)-P6(100)-P4(180) | 1.64 | 1.60 | 2.55% | 0.04 |
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Misiopecki, C.; Hart, R.; Gustavsen, A.; Jelle, B.P. Operating Hardware Impact on the Heat Transfer Properties of Windows. Energies 2021, 14, 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041145
Misiopecki C, Hart R, Gustavsen A, Jelle BP. Operating Hardware Impact on the Heat Transfer Properties of Windows. Energies. 2021; 14(4):1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041145
Chicago/Turabian StyleMisiopecki, Cezary, Robert Hart, Arild Gustavsen, and Bjørn Petter Jelle. 2021. "Operating Hardware Impact on the Heat Transfer Properties of Windows" Energies 14, no. 4: 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041145