A Real-Time Energy Management System Design for a Developed PV-Based Distributed Generator Considering the Grid Code Requirements in Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Conventional Islanding Detection Methods
1.2. The Contribution of the Study
- A new modified real-time energy management system (RTEMS) for applications of photovoltaic (PV)-based distributed generators (DGs) is proposed with zero NDZ.
- The degradation in power quality and non-detection zone (NDZ) problems encountered in active and passive island mode detection methods developed embedded in the inverter are eliminated in the proposed method.
- With the RTEMS method, where under and over-voltage, under and over voltage frequency, and unintentional island mode events can be detected in real-time, both the existing grid-code requirements are met, and the existing power quality and NDZ problem is eliminated with the recommended inverter-independent RTEMS method.
2. Islanding Detection Methods
2.1. PV-Based DG Systems in EU and Turkey
- Decreasing to at least 40% the greenhouse-gas emissions.
- Enhancing to at least 32% the share of renewable energy.
- Decreasing by at least 32.5% the total energy use in the EU.
2.2. DG Systems in Turkey
2.3. A Comparison between PV Plants in Turkey and EU Countries
3. Laws, Rules, and Grid Codes for DGs in Turkey
- Unlicensed Power Generation Plants: <1 MWp. The PV power plants are aimed to constitute to supply their required energy and to give excess energy to the grid.
- Licensed Power Generations Plants: >1 MWp. Big-scaled solar energy plants.
- There is no obligation to obtain a license and to establish a new company.
- Naturally and legally, all Turkish citizens can appeal to establish a renewable energy-based power plant.
- Naturally and legally, all Turkish citizens can sell the excess energy to the electricity distribution companies.
- The installed power is allowed a maximum of up to 1 MWp.
- The PV plants benefit from purchasing guarantees from the electricity distribution companies.
3.1. Unlicensed Electrical Energy Generation in Turkey
3.2. Grid Connection Rules of Unlicensed PV Power Plants in Turkey
- (a)
- The power generation plant must be matched with the frequency (50 Hz) and voltage level (220 V RMS) of the distribution system from the point of the electricity meter. It must not affect the other distribution system consumers with the harmonic distortion and flicker effects of the voltages and currents.
- (b)
- The power generation plant must be designed and operated to disconnect the PV power plant from the grid reliably and not to supply electrical energy in the conditions of islanding, short circuit fault, and abnormal grid operations. The power generation plant must disconnect from the grid in any faults without causing an islanding condition.
- (c)
- The connection of the power generation plant to the distribution system must perform, according to the type of the ground system of the distribution network and the related technical standards.
- (d)
- The residential power generation plants constituted a part of a building that must realize the domestic installation and column line instructions without exceeding the current carrying capacity when the power generation plant is constituted in the same place as the consumers.
- (e)
- The potential short circuit current of the power generation plant must not exceed the withstand short circuit current of the distribution system equipment.
- (1)
- The PV plant is connected to the distribution network from the LV level when the installed power of the plant is under 11 kWp. The PV plant is connected to the distribution system with the MV/HV level when the installed power of the plant is over 11 kWp.
- (2)
- The total capacity of the power generation plants connected to the distribution system with the LV level must not exceed 30% of the connected distribution transformer power.
- (3)
- The stiffness ratio is defined as the rate of the short circuit current of the distribution system/the nominal current of the distribution network. It must be over 30 for the co-generation plants that the installed power is over 1 MWp, and it must be over 70 for other power generation plants [41,42]. The distribution company can offer a new connection point when the stiffness ratio is not in acceptable values.
- (4)
- The power generation plant is connected to the distribution system from the LV level and single-phase when the installed power of the PV plant is under five kWp.
- (5)
- The power generation plant is connected to the distribution network from the LV level and has three phases when the installed power of the PV plant is over five kWp. Thus, the phase current is under 16 A (11 kWp) [41].
- (6)
- The power generation plant is connected to the distribution system with the LV/HV level and three phases when the phase current is over 16 A. The distribution company defines the voltage level decision. Table 6 summarizes this concept.
- (7)
- The unlicensed power generation plants must be designed, constituted, tested, and operated according to some standards [42,43]:
- The power generation plant is connected to the distribution system with a single-phase must take into consideration the TS EN 50438 standard.
- The power generation plant is connected to the distribution system with three-phase, and the phase current is under 16 A must takes into consideration the TS EN 50438 standard.
- The power generation plant is connected to the distribution system with the LV level, and the phase current is over16 A must takes into consideration the TSE K 191 standard.
- The power generation plant is connected to the distribution system with an HV level, and the phase current is over16 A must takes into consideration the TSE K 192 standard.
- The grid-connected PV plant must not affect the continuously supplying the electricity to the consumers and not cause power quality problems.
- The PV power plant must be disconnected from the grid in abnormal electrical conditions, just like being out of the defined threshold values of under/over frequency and under/over voltage and in an islanding condition.
3.3. Grid Code and Current Status of Turkey
- The protection of abnormal electrical conditions, in particular, against the islanding condition.
- The interface protection must provide the requirements of power quality parameters of the grid, just like flicker, harmonic distortion, etc.
- The synchronization, communication, monitoring, voltage and frequency control, grounding, and other electrical requirements.
4. Experimental Case-Study Considering the Turkish Grid Code
4.1. Over Voltage Protection (OVP) in a Proposed DG Scenario
4.2. Under Voltage Protection (UVP) in Proposed DG Scenario
4.3. Over Frequency Protection (OFP) in Proposed DG Scenario
4.4. Under Frequency Protection (UFP) in Proposed DG Scenario
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methods | Type | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|
Conventional | OVP/UVP | Simple and easy to implement Suitable for low power mismatch Economic | Inadequate for low power mismatch Threshold value selection problems Large NDZ |
OFP/UFP | |||
ROCOP | |||
Remote | Sensor-Based | Zero NDZ, no power Degradation | Highly expensive |
Modified | Proposed Inverter Resident RTEMS | Zero NDZ, no power Degradation, easily implemented. Suitable for real-time applications | Expensive |
Grid Codes | Voltage Band Range | Fault Ride through (FRT) Capability | Reactive Power Supply | Frequency Band | Active Power Derating | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Function | Range | Function | |||
High Voltage (>110 kV) | 0.8 UN↔1.16 UN | + | 0.228leading < Q/Pn < 0.48lagging 0.33leading < Q/Pn < 0.41lagging 0.41leading < Q/Pn < 0.33lagging | Q(U) Cosφfix Qfix | 47.5 Hz↔51.5 Hz | 50.2 Hz < f < 51.5 Hz |
Medium Voltage (<110 kV and >10 kV) | 0.9 UN↔1.15 UN | + | 0.95lagging to 0.95leading | Cosφ(P) Q(U) Cosφfix Qfix | 47.5 Hz↔51.5 Hz | 50.2 Hz < f < 51.5 Hz |
Low Voltage (<10 kV) | 0.9 UN↔1.15 UN | + | 0.90lagging to 0.90leading | Cosφ(P) Cosφfix | 47.5 Hz↔50.2 Hz | 50.2 Hz < f < 51.5 Hz |
Months | Monthly Total Solar Energy (kWh/m2-Month) | Sun Duration (h/Month) |
---|---|---|
January | 51.75 | 103 |
February | 63.27 | 115 |
March | 96.65 | 165 |
April | 122.23 | 197 |
May | 153.86 | 273 |
June | 168.75 | 325 |
July | 175.38 | 365 |
August | 158.40 | 343 |
September | 123.28 | 280 |
October | 89.90 | 214 |
November | 60.82 | 157 |
December | 46.87 | 103 |
Total | 1311.16 (annual) | 2640 |
Average (monthly) | 109.26 (kWh/m2-month) | 220 h/month |
Average (daily) | 3.63 (kWh/m2-day) | 7.33 h/day |
Renewables | Supported Prices (cent/kWh) |
---|---|
Hydropower | 5.5 |
Wind Energy | 4.4 |
Geothermal Energy | 7.4 |
Biomass | 4.4–7.4 |
Solar Energy | 4.4 |
Transformer Power (kVA) | The Total Capacity Connected from LV (kW) | The Total Annual Capacity for a Person Connected from LV (kW) |
---|---|---|
50 | 15 | 7.5 |
100 | 30 | 10 |
160 | 48 | 16 |
250 | 75 | 25 |
400 | 120 | 40 |
630 | 189 | 63 |
800 | 240 | 80 |
1000 | 300 | 100 |
1250 | 375 | 100 |
1600 | 480 | 100 |
2000 | 600 | 100 |
2500 | 750 | 100 |
Installed Power (kW) | Phase Number | Voltage Level | License Status |
---|---|---|---|
1 | LV | Unlicensed | |
3 | LV | Unlicensed | |
3 | LV/MV | Unlicensed | |
3 | MV feeder/MV busbar | Licensed |
Condition | Voltage | Frequency | CB Opening Time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.5 Vnom. | fnom | 6 cycles |
2 | 0.5 Vnom < V < 0.88 Vnom | fnom | 2 s/120 cycles |
3 | 0.88 Vnom ≤ V ≤ 1.10 Vnom | fnom | Normal Operation |
4 | 1.10 Vnom < V < 1.37 Vnom | fnom | 2 s/120 cycles |
5 | 1.37 Vnom ≤ V | fnom | 2 cycles |
6 | Vnom | (fnom − 0.7) ≤ f ≤ (fnom + 0.5) Hz | Normal Operation |
7 | Vnom | f < (fnom − 0.7) Hz | 6 cycles |
8 | Vnom | f > (fnom + 0.5) Hz | 6 cycles |
Threshold Values Used in Test System | ||
---|---|---|
Fault Type | IEEE 929–2000 | Test System |
Over Frequency | 59.3 Hz | 51.0 Hz |
Under Frequency | 60.5 Hz | 49.0 Hz |
Nominal Voltage | 220 V (RMS) | 311 Vp |
Over Voltage | 253 V (RMS) | 342 Vp |
Under Voltage | 195 V (RMS) | 280 Vp |
Time (s) | Grid Voltage (V) | Grid Frequency (Hz) | CB (Logical) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 65.0 | 50.0 | 0 |
1 | 152.0 | 50.0 | 0 |
2 | 215.0 | 50.0 | 0 |
3 | 268.0 | 50.0 | 0 |
4 | 308.0 | 50.0 | 0 |
5 | 337.0 | 50.0 | 1 |
6 | 342.0 | 50.0 | 1 |
7 | 331.0 | 50.0 | 1 |
8 | 304.0 | 50.0 | 1 |
9 | 250.0 | 50.0 | 1 |
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Bayrak, G.; Ertekin, D.; Haes Alhelou, H.; Siano, P. A Real-Time Energy Management System Design for a Developed PV-Based Distributed Generator Considering the Grid Code Requirements in Turkey. Energies 2021, 14, 6684. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206684
Bayrak G, Ertekin D, Haes Alhelou H, Siano P. A Real-Time Energy Management System Design for a Developed PV-Based Distributed Generator Considering the Grid Code Requirements in Turkey. Energies. 2021; 14(20):6684. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206684
Chicago/Turabian StyleBayrak, Gökay, Davut Ertekin, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Pierluigi Siano. 2021. "A Real-Time Energy Management System Design for a Developed PV-Based Distributed Generator Considering the Grid Code Requirements in Turkey" Energies 14, no. 20: 6684. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206684