Assessment of Ground Regeneration around Borehole Heat Exchangers between Heating Seasons in Cold Climates: A Case Study in Bialystok (NE, Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental and Measuring Site
2.2. Ground Profile
2.3. Measurement Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- In the layer at a depth of 6–9 m, in the coldest months in Poland, from December to February, the occurrence of maximum temperatures at the level of 9.9 °C (February)–11.1 °C (December), where the average annual ground temperature at a depth of 25 m to 100 m is 8.1 °C. Perhaps it would be reasonable and economical to use, when designing lower heat sources, to a much greater extent these ground layers, e.g., by drilling oblique boreholes, basket heat exchangers, and others.
- The measurements confirmed that at a depth of 15–25 m, the average annual ground temperature has a temperature close to the annual average outside air temperature, and in shallow, near-surface zones, the ground temperature changes seasonally under the influence of weather conditions, that are difficult to predict [91,94,95,96,97].
- Despite shorter heating seasons lasting 200–201 days and the number of HDDs in the heating season 3174.1–3276.4 days/K year, in 2016–2018, compared to the standard season, which lasts 232 days, where the number of HDDs is 3496.1 day/K year, the well under test has not fully recovered. However, in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons, the ground temperature during regeneration returned to the baseline from before the preceding heating season.
- With such long heating seasons (in cold regions), it seems reasonable to use an additional heat source at the stage of designing ground heat exchangers, supporting ground regeneration in the summer. Ground regeneration in summer can be supported by, among others, PV panels with electric heaters or liquid solar collectors, which in the case of public buildings, especially schools, would allow the use of excess thermal energy obtained from solar collectors, mainly during the holiday season, which is a huge problem, especially in schools, in the months of VII–VIII.
- It also seems justified due to the intensity of solar radiation in the summer, and thus the amount of heat that cannot be quickly pumped into the ground in order to regenerate BHE, the use of underground energy storage, because in a cold climate without adequate heat injection in summer, the ground temperature may not return to its natural state, and this process may worsen with each passing year. The use of underground energy storage or hybrid systems will help to reduce the carbon footprint, which is one of the main goals of the European Green Deal.
- The weather conditions affect the ground regeneration process in the zone from 0–12 m. At the same time, the influence of weather conditions at different depths is not marked simultaneously at the same time. The reaction time depends on the depth, the deeper it is, the longer it is, e.g., in the zone at a depth of 4 m, it started after about 15 days, but at a depth of 10 m after about 110 days. A slight influence was observed at a depth of 12 m, and was imperceptible at depths of 15–100 m. Rybach and Sanner [92] showed that the zone of the influence of atmospheric conditions in the place of their research was 0–15 m.
- The process of ground regeneration is most intensive until the middle of its time (it is usually the beginning of July), then its further regeneration is very slow, especially at depths below 10 m, the influence of climatic conditions is less noticeable here. Below the depth of 12 m, the ground temperature field is regulated by the geothermal heat flux from the interior of the Earth and the possible flow of groundwater.
- The average temperature of the regenerated ground in 2018–2020 (the fifth and sixth heating season) remains at the same level of 9.6–9.7 °C, hence it is possible that a new stable thermal equilibrium has been established between the BHE and the ground. Possibly, it may be related, in this period, to warmer winters and a shorter heating season, and thus a longer period of the ground regeneration around the BHE.However, only further research, which the author will provide in the following years, will allow to confirm, or reject this thesis.
- The conducted research will help to better understand the changes taking place in the ground, and thus to better design lower heat sources for heat pumps systems, whether in the form of horizontal, vertical, oblique, or basket ground heat exchangers. They can be used to validate numerical models for convection and conduction of heat transport in the ground. The obtained results of measurements of temperature in the ground can be used for long-term simulations and are very valuable information, allowing for the introduction of, for example, corrections in very ideal, sometimes theoretical mathematical models, used to simulate lower heat sources, and allow to see the complexity of processes related to heat and mass transfer occurring in the ground.
- The article contributes to the scientific community, particularly by showing a very relevant and useful technical approach to quantify the cooling effect of soil based on detailed long-term monitoring of ground temperatures.
- From the point of view of the proper exploitation of the ground heat source, it seems important to introduce monitoring of shallow geothermal systems, especially in the case of large and extensive BHE installations. The number of checkpoints should depend on the number of GHE or installed thermal power. The ground monitoring should also be accompanied by the control of all other important technical parameters of the GSHP room, such as electricity consumption, inlet, and outlet temperatures of the evaporator and GSHP condenser, compressor operating hours, etc.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Month | Insolation [kWh/m2] | |||||
Statistical 1991–2020 | 2016 (2015/2016) * | 2017 (2016/2017) * | 2018 (2017/2018) * | 2019 (2018/2019) * | 2020 (2019/2020) * | |
IV | 185.7 | 142.8 | 169.7 | 248.6 | 292.6 | 255.7 |
V | 254.1 | 295.7 | 279.9 | 363.2 | 195.0 | 227.2 |
VI | 259.3 | 313.0 | 237.7 | 259.9 | 371.9 | 245.0 |
VII | 256.9 | 177.1 | 252.5 | 202.0 | 257.6 | 261.4 |
VIII | 250.5 | 216.1 | 237.7 | 294.3 | 298.4 | 258.0 |
IX | 161.8 | 202.6 | 117.7 | 233.5 | 203.3 | 225.9 |
Average | 233.0 | 224.6 | 215.9 | 266.9 | 269.8 | 245.5 |
Annually I-XII | 1755.3 | 1688.9 | 1553.9 | 2008.5 | 2032.2 | 1846.1 |
Month | Humidity [%] | |||||
Statistical 1991–2020 | 2016 (2015/2016) * | 2017 (2016/2017) * | 2018 (2017/2018) * | 2019 (2018/2019) * | 2020 (2019/2020) * | |
IV | 69.8 | 67.9 | 73.0 | 68.0 | 54.4 | 55.8 |
V | 71.2 | 69.7 | 67.4 | 63.7 | 73.6 | 69.0 |
VI | 73.1 | 68.3 | 73.4 | 62.3 | 67.9 | 75.9 |
VII | 75.4 | 79.7 | 77.7 | 77.2 | 73.8 | 73.8 |
VIII | 77.2 | 80.5 | 79.6 | 74.9 | 78.6 | 75.0 |
IX | 82.5 | 80.9 | 85.4 | 78.6 | 79.2 | 81.5 |
Average | 74.9 | 74.5 | 76.1 | 70.8 | 71.3 | 71.8 |
Annually I–XII | 80.5 | 79.9 | 81.4 | 78.0 | 77.9 | 79.0 |
Month | Total Precipitation [mm] | |||||
Statistical 1991–2020 | 2016 (2015/2016) * | 2017 (2016/2017) * | 2018 (2017/2018) * | 2019 (2018/2019) * | 2020 (2019/2020) * | |
IV | 37.7 | 37.3 | 78.0 | 41.0 | 4.1 | 5.1 |
V | 69.1 | 46.7 | 101.1 | 31.2 | 100.4 | 72.0 |
VI | 65.4 | 44.4 | 116.1 | 22.4 | 50.3 | 138.6 |
VII | 86.5 | 186.6 | 82.8 | 144.8 | 113.5 | 43.2 |
VIII | 69.4 | 68.6 | 108.2 | 25.9 | 100.7 | 97.5 |
IX | 56.0 | 21.5 | 123.4 | 65.9 | 54.0 | 24.5 |
Average | 64.0 | 67.5 | 101.6 | 55.2 | 70.5 | 63.5 |
Annually I–XII | 610.2 | 790.0 | 934.6 | 536.2 | 617.6 | 639.9 |
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Month | Average Outside Air Temperature [°C] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statistical 1991–2020 | 2016 (2015/2016) * | 2017 (2016/2017) * | 2018 (2017/2018) * | 2019 (2018/2019) * | 2020 (2019/2020) * | |
April | 7.9 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 11.7 | 8.9 | 7.1 |
May | 13.1 | 14.5 | 12.9 | 16.7 | 12.9 | 10.8 |
June | 16.4 | 17.5 | 16.2 | 18.0 | 20.8 | 18.7 |
July | 18.4 | 18.3 | 17.1 | 19.8 | 17.3 | 17.6 |
August | 17.5 | 16.9 | 17.6 | 19.2 | 17.8 | 18.7 |
September | 12.6 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 14.6 | 13.0 | 14.4 |
Average | 14.3 | 14.8 | 13.9 | 16.7 | 15.1 | 14.6 |
Month | Minimum Temperature Near the Ground [°C] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statistical 1991–2020 | 2016 (2015/2016) * | 2017 (2016/2017) * | 2018 (2017/2018) * | 2019 (2018/2019) * | 2020 (2019/2020) * | |
April | −8.1 | −5.8 | −8.0 | −6.7 | −8.7 | −7.8 |
May | −3.8 | −1.1 | −3.2 | 0.5 | −6.3 | −3.9 |
June | 0.7 | −1.0 | −0.4 | −0.6 | 5.4 | 2.2 |
July | 3.8 | 6.7 | 4.1 | 8.7 | 2.6 | 4.2 |
August | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 5.9 | 5.6 |
September | −3.1 | −1.6 | −2.7 | −3.2 | −3.8 | −1.2 |
Average | −1.4 | 0.0 | −1.1 | 0.4 | −0.8 | −0.2 |
Years of the Heating Season | The Number of HDDs Sd [Day/K⋅Year] | Average Annual Outside Air Temperature [°C], [79] |
---|---|---|
2016/2017 | 3276.4 ↑ | 7.2 |
2017/2018 | 3174.1 | 8.8 |
2018/2019 | 3131.0 | 8.7 |
2019/2020 | 2651.4 ↓ | 9.2 |
1991—2020 | 3496.1 | 7.7 |
No. | Lithology [83] | Layer Top Bottom [83] [m.b.g.l.] | Percentage of Total Thickness [%] | Volumetric Specific Heat Cv = ρ × Cp [MJ/(m3∙K)], [84] | Thermal Diffusivity a × 10−6 [m2/s] | Number of Temperature Sensors Placed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Native ground | 0 m | 2.0 m | 2 | 1.4 | 0.36 | 7 pcs |
2 | Clay dry | 2.0 m | 4.0 m | 2 | 1.6 | 0.41 | 3 pcs |
3 | Sand and Gravel, saturated | 4.0 m | 12 m | 8 | 1.62 | 0.51 | 8 pcs |
4 | Clay, moist-wet | 12 m | 40 m | 28 | 2.4 | 0.65 | 6 pcs |
5 | Muds | 40 m | 45 m | 5 | 2.5 | 1.35 | 1 pcs |
6 | Clay, moist-wet | 45 m | 100 m | 55 | 2.4 | 0.65 | 5 pcs |
Measurement range | from (−55) °C to +125 °C |
Supply voltage | from 3.0 V to 5.5 V |
Resolution | from 9 to 12 bits (0.0625 °C at 12 bit) |
Sensor dimensions | Diameter: 6 mm Length: 51 mm |
Cover protection degree | IP65 |
No. | Dates | Season | The Number of Days |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 22 September 2016–9 April 2017 | heat pump operation, heating season 2016/2017 | 200 |
2 | 10 April 2017–21 September 2017 | regeneration of wells after the heating season 2016/2017 | 165 |
3 | 22 September 2017–10 April 2018 | heat pump operation, heating season 2017/2018 | 201 |
4 | 11 April 2018–30 September 2018 | regeneration of wells after the heating season 2017/2018 | 173 |
5 | 1 October 2018–23 April 2019 | heat pump operation, heating season 2018/2019 | 205 |
6 | 24 April 2019–23 September 2019 | regeneration of wells after the heating season 2018/2019 | 153 |
7 | 24 September 2019–8 April 2020 | heat pump operation, heating season 2019/2020 | 198 |
8 | 9 April 2020–12 October 2020 | regeneration of wells after the heating season 2019/2020 | 187 |
Borehole Depth | The Period of the Ground Regeneration | Temperature Rise in the Wellbore |ΔT| [°C] | |
---|---|---|---|
Initial Temperature T1 [°C] Start April | Final Temperature T2 [°C] Stop September | ||
Season 2016/2017 | |||
5 m | 2.5 | 10.0 | 7.5 |
20 m | 1.8 | 7.8 | 6.0 |
40 m | 1.7 | 7.2 | 5.5 |
60 m | 4.0 | 7.7 | 3.7 |
90 m | 3.4 | 7.1 | 3.7 |
Average | 2.2 | 10.2 | 8.0 |
Season 2017/2018 | |||
5 m | 4.3 | 9.4 | 5.1 |
20 m | 4.3 | 7.2 | 2.9 |
40 m | 4.5 | 6.6 | 2.1 |
60 m | 5.4 | 7.1 | 1.7 |
90 m | 4.7 | 6.5 | 1.8 |
Average | 4.1 | 9.6 | 5.5 |
Season 2018/2019 | |||
5 m | 5.4 | 10.5 | 5.1 |
20 m | 5.0 | 6.8 | 1.8 |
40 m | 5.1 | 6.3 | 1.2 |
60 m | 5.5 | 6.9 | 1.4 |
90 m | 4.6 | 6.2 | 1.6 |
Average | 5.5 | 9.7 | 4.2 |
Season 2019/2020 | |||
5 m | 4.6 | 10.9 | 6.3 |
20 m | 3.6 | 6.6 | 3.0 |
40 m | 3.8 | 6.1 | 2.3 |
60 m | 5.0 | 6.9 | 1.9 |
90 m | 4.2 | 6.1 | 1.9 |
Average | 4.3 | 9.6 | 5.3 |
No. | Dates | Average Well Temperature [°C] |
---|---|---|
1 | 1 September 2015 | 11.8 |
2 | 1 September 2016 | 10.7 |
3 | 1 September 2017 | * |
21 September 2017 | 10.2 | |
4 | 1 September 2018 | 9.6 |
5 | 1 September 2019 | 9.7 |
6 | 1 September 2020 | 9.6 |
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Piotrowska-Woroniak, J. Assessment of Ground Regeneration around Borehole Heat Exchangers between Heating Seasons in Cold Climates: A Case Study in Bialystok (NE, Poland). Energies 2021, 14, 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164793
Piotrowska-Woroniak J. Assessment of Ground Regeneration around Borehole Heat Exchangers between Heating Seasons in Cold Climates: A Case Study in Bialystok (NE, Poland). Energies. 2021; 14(16):4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164793
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotrowska-Woroniak, Joanna. 2021. "Assessment of Ground Regeneration around Borehole Heat Exchangers between Heating Seasons in Cold Climates: A Case Study in Bialystok (NE, Poland)" Energies 14, no. 16: 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164793
APA StylePiotrowska-Woroniak, J. (2021). Assessment of Ground Regeneration around Borehole Heat Exchangers between Heating Seasons in Cold Climates: A Case Study in Bialystok (NE, Poland). Energies, 14(16), 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164793