Land Subsidence Estimation for Aquifer Drainage Induced by Underground Mining
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- to model the entire field of land subsidence related to mining-induced drainage of an aquifer system;
- (2)
- to separate land subsidence related to direct mining impact from the imposing influence of drainage-related land subsidence;
- (3)
- to analyze the regional-scale impact of mining-induced drainage on the environment considering prone surface water reservoirs.
2. Study Area and Materials
2.1. Study Area
2.1.1. Geology
2.1.2. Hydrogeology
2.1.3. Underground Mining Exploitation and Its Past, Current and Future Impact on Aquifer System and Terrain Surface
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. Land Subsidence Data
2.2.2. Groundwater Data
2.2.3. Geological and Geographic Data
3. Methodology
3.1. Estimation of Past and Current Land Subsidence Due to Mining-Induced Drainage
3.2. Influence Function Model for Groundwater-Related Land Subsidence Estimation
3.2.1. Development of the Mathematical Model
3.2.2. Conceptualization and Numerical Representation of the Model
- The research area was determined based on the groundwater head change modelling results in the Main Jurassic aquifer due to mining drainage in 2030. As a result, the maximum predicted spatial extent of the depression cone in the main aquifer and thus the maximum forecasted spatial extent of land subsidence due to mining drainage could be included in the presented study.
- Mining drainage was assumed to cause direct compaction of the Middle Jurassic aquifer. Furthermore, since there is no direct hydraulic connection with the Middle Jurassic aquifer, the remaining aquifers do not undergo compaction due to changes in groundwater head due to mining-induced drainage. As a result, it is assumed that these aquifers do not directly contribute to the formation of drainage-related land subsidence.
- According to the assumptions of the Knothe-Budryk theory, the propagation of the Middle Jurassic aquifer deformation occurs through a homogeneous rock mass adjacent to this aquifer. As a result, the rock mass deformation process is revealed in discontinuous land surface deformation.
3.2.3. Model Calibration, Validation and Future Scenario
3.3. Assessment of the Impact of Land Subsidence Induced by Mining Drainage on Surface Water Reservoirs
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Drainage-Related Land Subsidence
4.2. Separation of Direct Mining-Related Land Subsidence from the Imposing Influence of Drainage-Related Land Subsidence
4.3. Regional-Scale Impact of Land Subsidence Due to Mining-Induced Drainage on Surface Water Reservoirs
5. Conclusions
- In 2014 and 2030, the calculated values of land subsidence due to mining-induced drainage reached a maximum of 0.313 m and 0.369 m, respectively. The highest values of land subsidence due to mining drainage were calculated in the vicinity of shafts, representing the drainage center. Subsidence troughs have a similar shape but are asymmetrical. As a result, the maximum spatial extent of subsidence troughs is 15.2 km and 20.3 km, respectively, with the greatest extent to the northeast. Our findings show that the environmental impact of underground mining is much broader than direct land subsidence. What is more, the spatial extent of the drainage-related land subsidence significantly exceeds the mine’s boundaries, which cover approximately 80 km2. The total area of the subsidence trough caused by aquifer compaction was 483.1 km2 in 2014, and it is expected to increase to 770.3 km2 by 2030.
- The mining area had the greatest disparity between observed and modelled ground surface subsidence values. They reached a maximum of −107.5 mm, compared to the modelled value of −266.5 mm. This result demonstrates that the direct effects of coal exploitation, namely the propagation of the post-mining void and the results of drainage-related rock layer compaction, overlap in the central part of the mine. However, it was impossible to determine the extreme difference between land subsidence caused by hard coal extraction and aquifer system compaction due to a lack of measurement data distributed directly above the hard coal mining fields. Only at six benchmarks could observed land subsidence be compared to modelled drainage-related land subsidence in the area above mining panels. As a result, the obtained results should be regarded as understated and inadequate. However, due to a lack of data, we were unable to conduct a more thorough analysis.
- Due to the relatively low values, land subsidence caused by rock mass drainage will not cause significant disturbances in the course of surface streams in the study area. Only a few small sections of the selected streams will experience a change in the spatial course up to several hundred m long. These changes, however, will occur in areas that are already heavily flooded or are peat bogs. Furthermore, the research indicates that natural hydraulic drops of watercourses will be unaffected by land subsidence. As a result, rapid surface water runoff or flooding is not expected to occur. Therefore, surface water reservoirs in the research area, including particularly protected areas, will be unaffected by the negative effects of mining.
- Without requiring extensive calibration or an elaborate numerical subsidence model, the influence-function model provided land subsidence patterns based on the relationship between groundwater head decrease, the spatial distribution of the drained aquifer and subsequent subsidence, as well as geological data. In general, the obtained modelling results agree well with the empirical data. Nonetheless, the model has some inaccuracies, such as a slight underestimation of the value of land subsidence in the central drainage region and an overestimation of these values in the marginal part of the area of interest. Despite this, the research findings show that the method presented can be used effectively for land subsidence control and regulation plans and that it could be widely used for land subsidence estimation based solely on land subsidence and groundwater head data and geological recognition of the study area. As a result, our findings may pave the way for a more reliable assessment of the impact of underground mining on the aquifer system.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Era | Unit | Depth [m] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | B2 | B3 | |||
Geologic Time | Cenozoic | Quaternary | 55 | 64 | 71 |
Mesozoic | Cretaceous | 55–578 | 64–496 | 71–725 | |
Jurassic | 578–698 | 496–586 | 725–901 | ||
Westphalian | 698–1268 | 586–1103 | 901–1163 | ||
Paleozoic | Namur C | 1268–1672 | 1103–1457 | 1163–1322 | |
Namur B | 1672–1731 | 1457–1511 | 1322–1380 | ||
Namur A | 1731- | 1511- | 1380- | ||
Aquifer | Cenozoic—Mesozoic | Quaternary—Upper Cretaceous | 2–12 | 3–9 | 3–15 |
Mesozoic | Lower Cretaceous—Upper Jurassic | 577–579 | 495–497 | 724–727 | |
Mesozoic | Middle Jurassic | 631–692 | 537–584 | 798–872 | |
Paleozoic | Carboniferous | 755~770 | 649~665 | 965~980 |
Benchmark | ΔH Observed [mm] | ΔH Modelled [mm] | Difference between Observed and Modelled Change in the Elevation [mm] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | −374.0 | −266.5 | −107.5 |
2 | −240.0 | −152.3 | −87.7 |
3 | −269.0 | −181.7 | −87.3 |
4 | −295.0 | −234.4 | −60.6 |
5 | −211.0 | −162.4 | −48.6 |
6 | −163.0 | −133.0 | −30.0 |
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Guzy, A.; Witkowski, W.T. Land Subsidence Estimation for Aquifer Drainage Induced by Underground Mining. Energies 2021, 14, 4658. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154658
Guzy A, Witkowski WT. Land Subsidence Estimation for Aquifer Drainage Induced by Underground Mining. Energies. 2021; 14(15):4658. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154658
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuzy, Artur, and Wojciech T. Witkowski. 2021. "Land Subsidence Estimation for Aquifer Drainage Induced by Underground Mining" Energies 14, no. 15: 4658. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154658