Process and Energy Intensification of Glycerol Carbonate Production from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Eggshell-Derived CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Catalyst Preparation
2.3. Catalyst Characterizations
2.4. Evaluation of Catalytic Efficiency
2.4.1. Conventional Process
2.4.2. Process Intensification Using a Kitchen Countertop Blender
2.5. Product Analysis
2.6. Energy Consumption and Yield Efficiency
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Catalyst
3.2. Effect of Stirring Speed of Conventional Magnetic Stirrer on Mass Transfer Limitation
3.3. Performance Comparison between Kitchen Countertop Blender and Conventional Process
3.4. Effect of Molar Ratio of DMC to Glycerol
3.5. Effect of Catalyst Loading
3.6. Comparison of High Speed of Kitchen Countertop Blender with Other Intensification Processes Using CaO as a Catalyst
Reactor System | Heat Source | Advantages | Disadvantages/Limitations | Reaction Condition | YGC or XGly (%) | Yield Eff. (g/kJ) | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMC: Gly | CaO load. (wt %) | T (°C) | t (min) | |||||||
Conventional | ||||||||||
Atmospheric pressure reactor | electrical hot plate | - | - Long reaction time and/or high catalyst loading - Low yield efficiency | 2 a | 1 | 65 | 120 | YGC = 84.3 | 0.023 | [20] |
Atmospheric pressure reactor | electrical hot plate | 5 | 6.1 | 75 | 90 | YGC = 64.1 | 0.018 | [20] | ||
Autogenously pressure reactor | electrical hot plate | 4 | 5 | 95 | 80 | XGly = 97.0 | 0.003 | [36] | ||
Atmospheric pressure reactor | electrical hot plate | 2.5 | 4.8 | 60 | 120 | YGC = 94.0 | 0.064 | This work | ||
Process intensification | ||||||||||
Microwave reactor | microwave irradiation | - Improve heat transfer rate - Low energy consumption - Short reaction time | - Inability to penetrate in large reaction volumes [36] | 4 | 5 | 95 b | 15 | YGC = 90.1 | 0.118 | [36] |
Microwave reactor | microwave irradiation | 4 | 1 | < 200 c | 0.83 | YGC = 92.1 | 0.125 | [36] | ||
Microwave reactor | microwave irradiation | 2 a | 1 | 65 | 5 | YGC = 93.4 | 0.766 | [20] | ||
Ultrasonic reactor | ultrasonic irradiation | - Fast heating time - Improve mass transfer | - Difficult for using in Large-scale [39] - High cost ultrasound equipment [21] | 3 a | 5.4 | 70 | 90 | YGC = 95.4 | n/a | [40] |
Batch distillation tower | electric heating mantle | - Stoichiometric feed ratio is possible | - High energy consumption [23] - Benzene as azeotropic agent is needed | 1 | 1.2 | 85 | n/a | YGC = 98.0 | n/a | [22] |
Reactive and Extractive distillation | electric heating mantle | - When CaO reused, the reduction of catalytic activity is less than the conventional process | - Difficult to control and scale-up | 4 | 3 | 85 | n/a | YGC = 99.0 | n/a | [23] |
Supercritical tube reactor | electric heating jacket | - Absence catalyst - Simple to separation due to the absence of the catalyst | - Severe operating condition - High cost of operating equipment | 10 | - | 300 | 15 | YGC = 98.0 | n/a | [24] |
Countertop blender | in situ heat generation | - Intensive mixing, improve mass transfer - No external heat source as in situ heat generation and thus rapid heat transfer rate - Enhance reaction rate | - Balance heat to maintain the desired temperature | 2.5 | 2.4 | 60 | 15 | YGC = 91.3 | 2.391 | This work |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Praikaew, W.; Kiatkittipong, W.; Aiouache, F.; Najdanovic-Visak, V.; Ngaosuwan, K.; Wongsawaeng, D.; Lim, J.W.; Lam, S.S.; Kiatkittipong, K.; Laosiripojana, N.; et al. Process and Energy Intensification of Glycerol Carbonate Production from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Eggshell-Derived CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst. Energies 2021, 14, 4249. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144249
Praikaew W, Kiatkittipong W, Aiouache F, Najdanovic-Visak V, Ngaosuwan K, Wongsawaeng D, Lim JW, Lam SS, Kiatkittipong K, Laosiripojana N, et al. Process and Energy Intensification of Glycerol Carbonate Production from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Eggshell-Derived CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4249. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144249
Chicago/Turabian StylePraikaew, Wanichaya, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Farid Aiouache, Vesna Najdanovic-Visak, Kanokwan Ngaosuwan, Doonyapong Wongsawaeng, Jun Wei Lim, Su Shiung Lam, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Navadol Laosiripojana, and et al. 2021. "Process and Energy Intensification of Glycerol Carbonate Production from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Eggshell-Derived CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst" Energies 14, no. 14: 4249. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144249