Agrochemical and Pollution Status of Urbanized Agricultural Soils in the Central Part of Yamal Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Key Regional Settings
2.2. Sampling Strategy
2.3. Laboratory Analyses and Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Key Soil Properties and Soil Diversity
3.2. Agrochemical Properties
3.3. Pollution Status
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Code | Site Description | Location | Type of Soil [45] |
---|---|---|---|
Urbanized agricultural soils (anthropogenic loaded) | |||
A2 | Aksarka, former vegetable garden | N67.800744 E66.559405 | Cryosol |
B | Salekhard city, former vegetable garden | N66.575843 E66.552307 | Podzol Entic |
C | Labytnangy city, vegetable garden | N66.3870104 E66.6665518 | Podzol Entic |
D | Salekhard city, park | N66.5913085 E66.5233259 | Technosol Urbic |
Mature soils | |||
A1 | Vicinities of Aksarka, mature soil in a larch forest stand | N67.773559 E66.564539 | Cryosol Reductaquic |
E | Vicinities of Kharsaim, mature soil | N67.2983804 E66.6041101 | Podzol Folic |
F | Vicinities of Kharsaim, mature soil, tundra | N67.298325 E66.601346 | Gleysol Histic |
Igeo | PI | PLI | RI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Soil Quality | Value | Soil Pollution | Value | Pollution Status | Value | Potential Ecological Risk |
Igeo < 0 | Unpolluted | PI < 1 | Absent | <1 | Denote perfection | <90 | Low |
0 ≤ Igeo ≤ 1 | Unpolluted to moderately polluted | 1 < PI < 2 | Low | 1 | Only baseline levels of pollution | 90–180 | Moderate |
1 ≤ Igeo ≤ 2 | Moderately polluted | 2 < PI < 3 | Moderate | >1 | Deterioration of soil quality | 180–360 | Strong |
2 ≤ Igeo ≤ 3 | Moderately to highly polluted | 3 < PI < 5 | Strong | 360–720 | Very strong | ||
3 ≤ Igeo ≤ 4 | Highly polluted | PI > 5 | Very strong | ≥720 | Highly-strong | ||
4 ≤ Igeo ≤ 5 | Highly to extremely high polluted | ||||||
Igeo > 5 | Extremely high polluted |
Sample Code | Depth, cm | Color | TOC, % ±SD | TN, % ±SD | C/N | pH H2O | pH CaCl2 | BR, mgCO2 × 100g−1 × 24 h−1 | Skelet, % | Clay, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urbanized agricultural soils (anthropogenic loaded) | ||||||||||
A2 | 0–2 | 7/5 YR 5/3 | 8.60 ± 0.35 | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 13 | 5.90 | 5.21 | 29.00 | 8 | 12 |
2–15 | 5 Y 7/6 | 4.23 ± 0.12 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 18 | 6.00 | 5.23 | 30.00 | 12 | 15 | |
B | 0–10 | 10 YR 3/3 | 3.09 ± 0.45 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 11 | 6.10 | 5.23 | 30.00 | 7 | 7 |
27–41 | 10 YR 5/3 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.005 ± 0.01 | 10 | 6.00 | 5.54 | 30.00 | 12 | 7 | |
44–54 | 10 YR 5/3 | 1.59 ± 0.12 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 13 | 6.10 | 5.41 | 14.00 | 15 | 8 | |
54–76 | 10 YR 5/3 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 7 | 5.90 | 5.10 | 14.00 | 18 | 9 | |
76–120 | 10 YR 5/3 | 0.01 ± 0.05 | nd | nd | 5.70 | 5.00 | 14.00 | 19 | 12 | |
C | 0–7 | 7/5 YR 5/1 | 23.92 ± 0.92 | 1.19 ± 0.04 | 20 | 4.80 | 4.12 | 32.00 | 21 | 9 |
7–24 | 5 YR/7/3 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 5 | 4.90 | 4.25 | 27.00 | 20 | 9 | |
24–54 | 5YR 7/5 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 6 | 4.90 | 4.15 | 23.00 | 21 | 12 | |
54–78 | 5YR 7/4 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 12 | 5.10 | 4.19 | 23.00 | 25 | 14 | |
D | 0–20 | 7/5 YR 5/1 | 2.77 ± 0.18 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 18 | 5.50 | 4.80 | 23.00 | 14 | 17 |
20–23 | 5 YR 6/6 | 7.42 ± 0.51 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 14 | 5.30 | 4.75 | 23.00 | 24 | 25 | |
23–33 | 7/5 YR 5/1 | 3.68 ± 0.28 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 12 | 5.35 | 4.75 | 12.00 | 27 | 19 | |
Mature soils | ||||||||||
A1 | 0–6 | 7/5 YR 5/1 | 11.96 ± 0.31 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 26 | 5.10 | 4.56 | 11.00 | 3 | 15 |
6–60 | 7/5 YR 7/6 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 6 | 5.00 | 4.54 | 10.00 | 3 | 17 | |
60–130 | 5G 5/1 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.005 ± 0.01 | 6 | 5.20 | 4.25 | 28.00 | 6 | 20 | |
E | 0–12 | 7/5 YR 5/1 | 2.30 ± 0.17 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 12 | 4.90 | 4.00 | 18.00 | 3 | 25 |
12–27 | 6,5 Y 7/1 | 0.77 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 13 | 5.50 | 3.80 | 18.00 | 4 | 26 | |
27–34 | 6,5 Y 7/1 | 1.02 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 15 | 4.90 | 4.20 | 18.00 | 3 | 26 | |
35–43 | 6,5 Y 7/2 | 11.52 ± 0.65 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 21 | 4.50 | 3.90 | 19.00 | 3 | 28 | |
45–70 PF | 5G 5/1 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 10 | 4.70 | 4.20 | 30.00 | 5 | 34 | |
F | 0–22 | 10 YR 5/1 | 37.81 ± 1.12 | 1.37 ± 0.21 | 28 | 4.90 | 4.32 | 21.00 | 5 | 25 |
22–30 | 5G 5/2 | 20.16 ± 0.87 | 1.09 ± 0.03 | 18 | 4.70 | 4.21 | 14.00 | 5 | 29 | |
30–35 | 5G 5/2 | 2.56 ± 0.20 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 15 | 4.10 | 4.10 | 12.00 | 8 | 31 |
Mature vs. Anthropogenic Soils | Available phosphorous (P) | Available potassium (K) | Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4) | Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3) | ||||
F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
6.85 | 0.02 | 4.14 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.75 | 0.12 | 0.74 |
Mature vs. Anthropogenic Soils | Pb | Cr | Cu | Cd | Zn | As | Ni | |||||||
F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | |
1.88 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.90 | 0.28 | 0.60 | 1.50 | 0.23 | 0.83 | 0.37 | 0.09 | 0.77 | 0.26 | 0.62 |
Sample Code | Depth, cm | Pb | Cr | Cu | Cd | Ni | Zn | As |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urbanized agricultural soils (anthropogenic loaded) | ||||||||
A2 | 0–2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −4 | −1 | 1 | −2 |
2–15 | −1 | −3 | 0 | −6 | −1 | 1 | −1 | |
B | 0–10 | −2 | −3 | −1 | −6 | −2 | 0 | −1 |
27–41 | −5 | −4 | −3 | nd | −2 | −3 | −3 | |
44–54 | −2 | −3 | −1 | nd | −2 | 0 | 0 | |
54–76 | −3 | −2 | −2 | nd | −1 | −2 | −2 | |
76–120 | −4 | −4 | −3 | nd | −3 | −3 | −3 | |
C | 0–7 | −7 | −2 | −2 | −6 | −1 | −2 | −2 |
7–24 | −4 | −3 | −1 | nd | −1 | −2 | −3 | |
24–54 | −5 | −2 | −1 | nd | −1 | −2 | −2 | |
54–78 | −6 | −3 | −1 | nd | −2 | −3 | −3 | |
D | 0–20 | 0 | −1 | −1 | −6 | −2 | 0 | −2 |
20–23 | 0 | −3 | −1 | −7 | −2 | 0 | −2 | |
23–33 | −4 | −3 | −3 | nd | −2 | −3 | −2 | |
Mature soils | ||||||||
A1 | 0–6 | −2 | −2 | −2 | −8 | −2 | −2 | 0 |
6–60 | −2 | −2 | −1 | −11 | −1 | −1 | −2 | |
60–130 | −4 | −3 | −2 | −10 | −1 | −2 | −3 | |
E | 0–12 | −4 | −1 | −2 | −9 | −1 | −1 | −2 |
12–27 | −2 | −2 | −1 | nd | −1 | −1 | 0 | |
27–34 | −3 | −2 | −1 | nd | −1 | −1 | 0 | |
35–43 | −2 | −2 | 0 | −5 | 0 | −1 | −1 | |
45–70 PF | −2 | −2 | −1 | nd | 0 | −1 | −2 | |
F | 0–22 | −4 | −1 | −2 | −9 | −1 | 0 | −2 |
22–30 | −2 | −2 | −1 | nd | −1 | −1 | −1 | |
30–35 | −3 | −2 | −2 | nd | −1 | −1 | −2 |
Sample Code | Depth, cm | PI | RI | PLI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cr | Cu | Cd | Ni | Zn | As | ||||
Urbanized agricultural soils (anthropogenic loaded) | ||||||||||
A2 | 0–2 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 31 | 0 |
2–15 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 27 | 0 | |
B | 0–10 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 19 | 0 |
27–41 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 5 | 0 | |
44–54 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | nd | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 20 | 0 | |
54–76 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | nd | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 12 | 0 | |
76–120 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | nd | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 5 | 0 | |
C | 0–7 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 10 | 0 |
7–24 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | nd | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 9 | 0 | |
24–54 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | nd | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 11 | 0 | |
54–78 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 | nd | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 9 | 0 | |
D | 0–20 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 21 | 0 |
20–23 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 21 | 0 | |
23–33 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | nd | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 7 | 0 | |
Mature soils | ||||||||||
A1 | 0–6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 20 | 0 |
6–60 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 15 | 0 | |
60–130 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 8 | 0 | |
E | 0–12 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | -9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 10 | 0 |
12–27 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | nd | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 21 | 0 | |
27–34 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | nd | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 23 | 0 | |
35–43 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 27 | 0 | |
45–70 PF | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.9 | nd | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 18 | 0 | |
F | 0–22 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 11 | 0 |
22–30 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | nd | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 18 | 0 | |
30–35 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | nd | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 13 | 0 |
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Nizamutdinov, T.; Abakumov, E.; Morgun, E.; Loktev, R.; Kolesnikov, R. Agrochemical and Pollution Status of Urbanized Agricultural Soils in the Central Part of Yamal Region. Energies 2021, 14, 4080. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144080
Nizamutdinov T, Abakumov E, Morgun E, Loktev R, Kolesnikov R. Agrochemical and Pollution Status of Urbanized Agricultural Soils in the Central Part of Yamal Region. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4080. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144080
Chicago/Turabian StyleNizamutdinov, Timur, Evgeny Abakumov, Eugeniya Morgun, Rostislav Loktev, and Roman Kolesnikov. 2021. "Agrochemical and Pollution Status of Urbanized Agricultural Soils in the Central Part of Yamal Region" Energies 14, no. 14: 4080. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144080