Feasibility Study of the Solar-Promoted Photoreduction of CO2 to Liquid Fuels with Direct or Indirect Use of Renewable Energy Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Photocatalysts
2.2. Photoreactor
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Photoreduction of CO2 in a Direct Solar Photoreactor (Case A)
- CO2 + 2H+ + 2e− → CO + H2O
- CO2 + 2H+ + 2e− → HCOOH
- CO2 + 4H+ + 4e− → HCHO + H2O
- CO2 + 6H+ + 6e− → CH3OH + H2O
- CO2 + 8 H+ + 8e− → CH4 + 2H2O
- 2H+ + 2e− → H2
3.2. Indirect Exploitation of Electric Energy from Renewable Sources
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period | Mean Irradiance (W/m2) | UV Fraction (W/m2) | Monthly Energy (MJ/m2) | Monthly UV Energy (MJ/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
JAN | 53.1 | 3.2 | 142.2 | 8.5 |
FEB | 77.6 | 4.7 | 207.8 | 11.3 |
MAR | 109.0 | 6.5 | 291.9 | 17.5 |
APR | 201.0 | 12.1 | 538.4 | 31.3 |
MAY | 211.0 | 12.7 | 565.1 | 33.9 |
JUN | 295.0 | 17.7 | 790.1 | 45.9 |
JUL | 286.0 | 17.2 | 766.0 | 46.0 |
AUG | 248.0 | 14.9 | 664.2 | 39.9 |
SEP | 195.0 | 11.7 | 522.3 | 30.3 |
OCT | 108.0 | 6.5 | 289.3 | 17.4 |
NOV | 43.5 | 2.6 | 116.5 | 6.8 |
DEC | 57.5 | 3.5 | 154.0 | 9.2 |
Photocatalyst | BG (eV) | λmax (nm) | % UVA Absorbed |
---|---|---|---|
P25 | 3.41 | 364 | 64% |
FSP | 3.31 | 375 | 75% |
0.2%wt/wt Au/P25 | 3.12 | 397 | 97% |
Compound | Catalyst | Production Rate (mol/h kgcat) | Production Rate (kg/h kgcat) |
---|---|---|---|
H2 | P25 | 4.0000 | 0.0080 |
FSP | 1.6100 | 0.0032 | |
Au/P25 | 2.0200 | 0.0040 | |
CO | P25 | 0.2290 | 0.0064 |
FSP | 0.0660 | 0.0018 | |
Au/P25 | 0.5410 | 0.0151 | |
HCOOH | P25 | 39.4000 | 1.8124 |
FSP | 7.4300 | 0.3418 | |
Au/P25 | 6.9800 | 0.3211 | |
HCHO | P25 | 0.0008 | 0.0000 |
FSP | 0.0481 | 0.0014 | |
Au/P25 | 0.0148 | 0.0004 | |
CH3OH | P25 | 0.0006 | 0.0000 |
FSP | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
Au/P25 | 0.0802 | 0.0026 |
Compound | Catalyst | Productivity (kg m2/MJ kgcat) | Yearly Productivity (kg/kgcat) |
---|---|---|---|
H2 | P25 | 0.015 | 2.82 |
FSP | 0.0060 | 1.33 | |
Au/P25 | 0.0075 | 2.16 | |
CO | P25 | 0.012 | 2.26 |
FSP | 0.0034 | 0.76 | |
Au/P25 | 0.028 | 8.1 | |
HCOOH | P25 | 3.36 | 639.8 |
FSP | 0.63 | 141.4 | |
Au/P25 | 0.59 | 171.8 | |
HCHO | P25 | 0.00004 | 0.008 |
FSP | 0.0027 | 0.60 | |
Au/P25 | 0.00082 | 0.24 | |
CH3OH | P25 | 0.00004 | 0.007 |
FSP | 0.00000 | 0.000 | |
Au/P25 | 0.0048 | 1.37 |
Total Solar Energy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESCH2 LHV (MJ/kgcat) | ESCH2 HHV (MJ/kgcat) | ηH2 LHV | ηH2 HHV | ESCHCOOH (MJ/kgcat) | ηHCOOH |
338.6 | 400.6 | 0.10% | 0.12% | 3519 | 1.1% |
UV solar energy | |||||
1.76% | 2.08% | 18.3% |
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Conte, F.; Tripodi, A.; Rossetti, I.; Ramis, G. Feasibility Study of the Solar-Promoted Photoreduction of CO2 to Liquid Fuels with Direct or Indirect Use of Renewable Energy Sources. Energies 2021, 14, 2804. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102804
Conte F, Tripodi A, Rossetti I, Ramis G. Feasibility Study of the Solar-Promoted Photoreduction of CO2 to Liquid Fuels with Direct or Indirect Use of Renewable Energy Sources. Energies. 2021; 14(10):2804. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102804
Chicago/Turabian StyleConte, Francesco, Antonio Tripodi, Ilenia Rossetti, and Gianguido Ramis. 2021. "Feasibility Study of the Solar-Promoted Photoreduction of CO2 to Liquid Fuels with Direct or Indirect Use of Renewable Energy Sources" Energies 14, no. 10: 2804. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102804