Improving Fuel Economy and Engine Performance through Gasoline Fuel Octane Rating
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Fuels
2.3. Test Protocol
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Power Output and Acceleration
3.2. Specific Fuel Consumption
3.3. Gaseous Emissions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carbon Monoxide Module | |
Measurement method | Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) |
Range | 0–5000 ppm |
Accuracy | 3% (of measured value) |
Carbon Dioxide Module | |
Measurement method | Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) |
Range | 0–1000 ppm |
Accuracy | 3.1% (of measured value) |
Nitrogen Oxides Module | |
Measurement method | Chemiluminescence (CLD), vacuum |
Range | 0–5000 ppm |
Accuracy | 2.7% (of measured value) |
Total hydrocarbon module | |
Measurement method | Flame ionization detector (FID) |
Range | 0–60,000 ppm |
Accuracy | 2.7% (of measured value) |
Emission Regulation | Euro 6b |
---|---|
Engine type | SI-IDI, turbocharged, intercooler |
Compression ratio | 8.8:1 |
Power @ 5800 rpm | 152 kW |
Torque @ 1.900–5.800 rpm | 280 Nm |
Displacement | 1.598 cm3 |
Bore | 79 mm |
Stroke | 81.5 mm |
Gearbox | Manual |
Valves per cylinder | 4 |
Octane number (RON) recommended 1 | 100 |
Total gear ratio (km/h each 1000 rpm) | |
1st | 7.2 |
2nd | 12.7 |
3rd | 20.3 |
4th | 28.6 |
5th | 35.7 |
6th | 44.6 |
Test | Method | Units | 95 RON | 98 RON | 100 RON |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Research Octane Number | ASTM* D 2699-18a | – | 96.1 | 98.1 | 99.7 |
Motor Octane Number | ASTM D 2700-18a | – | 85.1 | 87.4 | 87.8 |
Density 15 °C | ASTM D 4052-18 | kg/m3 | 733 | 735 | 737 |
Vapor pressure (DVPE) | ASTM D 5191-15 | kPa | 67.1 | 72.5 | 71.9 |
Vapor Lock Index | EN 228 | – | 903 | 949 | 951 |
Sulphur | ASTM D 4294-16e1 | mg/kg | 9 | 10 | 10 |
Lead | EN 237:2005 | mg/L | <5.0 | <5.0 | <5.0 |
Existent Gums | ASTM D 381-12 (2017) | mg/100 mL | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
Distillation | |||||
Evaporated 70 °C (E70) | ASTM D 86-17 | % v/v | 33.1 | 32.0 | 33.2 |
Evaporated 100 °C (E100) | % v/v | 56.3 | 55.9 | 57.2 | |
Evaporated 150 °C (E150) | % v/v | 82.7 | 82.6 | 83.8 | |
Final Boiling Point | °C | 194.8 | 191 | 198.0 | |
Residue | % v/v | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | |
Hydrocarbons | |||||
Olefins | EN ISO 22854:2016 | % v/v | 13.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
Aromatics | % v/v | 27.9 | 24.4 | 24.4 | |
Benzene | % v/v | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Oxygen | % m/m | 2.4 | 2.4 | ||
Methanol | % v/v | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | |
Ethanol | % v/v | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Isopropyl alcohol | % v/v | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | |
ETBE | % v/v | 7.48 | 13.5 | 13.5 | |
Other oxygenated compounds | % v/v | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
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Rodríguez-Fernández, J.; Ramos, Á.; Barba, J.; Cárdenas, D.; Delgado, J. Improving Fuel Economy and Engine Performance through Gasoline Fuel Octane Rating. Energies 2020, 13, 3499. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133499
Rodríguez-Fernández J, Ramos Á, Barba J, Cárdenas D, Delgado J. Improving Fuel Economy and Engine Performance through Gasoline Fuel Octane Rating. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3499. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133499
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Fernández, José, Ángel Ramos, Javier Barba, Dolores Cárdenas, and Jesús Delgado. 2020. "Improving Fuel Economy and Engine Performance through Gasoline Fuel Octane Rating" Energies 13, no. 13: 3499. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133499