Cogeneration Economics for Greenhouses in Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. European Countries: Basic Climatic and Energy Cost Characteristics
3. Greenhouse Model
3.1. Greenhouse Thermal Load Model
- (1)
- meteorological conditions (ambient air temperature, solar irradiation);
- (2)
- product cultivation species; and
- (3)
- greenhouse design parameters (structure, size, etc.).
- (kWh/m2/d) is the greenhouse daily heating load during day j;
- (kWh/m2/d) is the greenhouse daily cooling load during day j;
- (-) is the number of the day of the year (;
- (kW/m2K) is the greenhouse effective overall heat loss coefficient;
- (°C) is the set point greenhouse temperature (the required product cultivation temperature);
- (°C) is the accepted temperature difference from set point temperature (cultivation range);
- (°C) is the daily ambient temperature during day j;
- (kWh/m2/d) is the daily average solar irradiation on a horizontal surface during day j;
- (-) is the transmittance of the greenhouse cover;
- (-) is the transmittance of the additional shadowing cover during hot days; and
- (-) is the absorbance of the greenhouse.
3.2. Cost of Thermal Energy with Cogeneration
- (MWh(gas)) is the annual natural gas consumption by the cogeneration system to cover the required greenhouse heating load ;
- (MWh(gas)) is the annual natural gas consumption by the cogeneration system to cover the required greenhouse cooling load ;
- (MWh(el)) is the electricity produced by the cogeneration during heating season;
- (MWh(el)) is the electricity produced by the cogeneration during cooling season;
- (€/MWh(gas)) is the natural gas retail price;
- (€/MWh(th)) is the cost of the useful heating produced by the CCHP system (unit cost for heating);
- (€/MWh(el)) is the electricity retail price;
- (€/MWh(el)) is the cogeneration maintenance cost relative to the electricity produced; and
- (€/MWh(co)) is the cost of the useful cooling produced by the CCHP system (unit cost for cooling).
- (-) is the CCHP thermal efficiency;
- (-) is the CCHP electrical efficiency; and
- (-) is the coefficient of performance of the heat driven absorption chiller.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Greenhouse Energy Requirements
4.2. Cost of Greenhouse Energy
4.3. Seasonal Representation of the Effects of Energy Prices on Energy Greenhouse Costs: Estonia, The Netherlands, and Italy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
the cost of the produced useful heating by the CCHP system (unit cost for heating) (€/MWh(th)) | |
the coefficient of performance of the heat driven absorption chiller (-) | |
the cost of the produced useful cooling by the CCHP system (unit cost for cooling) (€/MWh(co)) | |
the electricity retail price (€/MWh(el)) | |
the natural gas retail price (€/MWh(gas)) | |
the CCHP maintenance cost (€/MWh(el)) | |
the annual total heating cost (€/m2/y) | |
the annual total cooling cost (€/m2/y) | |
the electricity produced by the cogeneration during heating periods (kWh(el)) | |
the electricity produced by the cogeneration during cooling periods (kWh(el)) | |
the number of the day of the year ( (-) | |
the annual natural gas consumption by the cogeneration system to cover the required greenhouse heating load (kWh(th)) | |
the annual natural gas consumption by the cogeneration system to cover the required greenhouse cooling load (kWh(co)) | |
the greenhouse daily heating load (kWh(th)/m2/d) | |
the annual heating requirements of the greenhouse (kWh(th)/m2) | |
the greenhouse daily cooling load (kWh(co)/m2/d) | |
the annual cooling requirements of the greenhouse (kWh(co)/m2) | |
the daily average solar irradiation on a horizontal surface (kW/m2) | |
the daily ambient air temperature (°C) | |
the set point greenhouse temperature (the required product cultivation temperature) (°C) | |
the greenhouse effective overall heat loss coefficient (kW/m2K) | |
the accepted temperature difference from set point temperature (cultivation range) (°C) | |
the CCHP electrical efficiency (-) | |
the CCHP thermal efficiency (-) | |
the transmittance of the greenhouse cover (-) | |
the transmittance of the additional shadowing cover during hot days (-) | |
the absorbance of the greenhouse (-) | |
AT | Austria |
BE | Belgium |
BG | Bulgaria |
CCHP | Combined cooling heat and power |
CHP | Combined heat and power |
CY | Cyprus |
CZ | Czech Republic |
DE | Germany |
DK | Denmark |
EE | Estonia |
ES | Spain |
FI | Finland |
FIP | Feed-in premium |
FR | France |
GR | Greece |
HR | Croatia |
HU | Hungary |
ICE | Internal combustion engine |
IE | Ireland |
IT | Italy |
LT | Lithuania |
LU | Luxembourg |
LV | Latvia |
NL | Netherlands |
PO | Poland |
PT | Portugal |
RO | Romania |
SE | Sweden |
SI | Slovenia |
SK | Slovakia |
UK | United Kingdom |
Appendix A
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Technical Data | |||
---|---|---|---|
Greenhouse Characteristics | |||
Overall heat loss coefficient | 9.0 | W/m2K | |
Transmittance of the greenhouse cover | 0.50 | - | |
Transmittance of greenhouse additional shadowing cover during hot days | 0.10 | - | |
Absorbance of the greenhouse | 0.40 | - | |
Product Characteristics | |||
Required product cultivation temperature | 20.0 | °C | |
Accepted cultivation range | ±5.0 | °C | |
Equipment Characteristics | |||
Cogeneration electrical efficiency | 0.35 | - | |
Cogeneration thermal efficiency | 0.50 | - | |
Coefficient of performance of the heat driven absorption chiller | 0.70 | - | |
Economic Characteristics | |||
Cogeneration maintenance cost | 10 | €/MWh(el) |
Country | Heating Needs in This Work (kWh/m2/y) | Heating Needs in García et al. (kWh/m2/y) |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 335 | 444 (Bedford) |
Netherlands | 325 | 424 (De Bilt) |
Germany | 402 | 453 (Braunschweig) |
Italy | 203 | 406 (Milano) |
France | 268 | 239 (Montpellier) |
Spain | 158 | 88 (Almeria) |
Greece | 134 | 198 (Aliartos) |
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Tataraki, K.; Giannini, E.; Kavvadias, K.; Maroulis, Z. Cogeneration Economics for Greenhouses in Europe. Energies 2020, 13, 3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133373
Tataraki K, Giannini E, Kavvadias K, Maroulis Z. Cogeneration Economics for Greenhouses in Europe. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133373
Chicago/Turabian StyleTataraki, Kalliopi, Eugenia Giannini, Konstantinos Kavvadias, and Zacharias Maroulis. 2020. "Cogeneration Economics for Greenhouses in Europe" Energies 13, no. 13: 3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133373
APA StyleTataraki, K., Giannini, E., Kavvadias, K., & Maroulis, Z. (2020). Cogeneration Economics for Greenhouses in Europe. Energies, 13(13), 3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133373