Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuel, Solar and Wind Multi-Source Small-Scale CHP Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Multi-Source Power Plant
2.1.1. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Subsystem
2.1.2. Photovoltaic (PV) Subsystem
2.1.3. Wind Turbine (WT) Subsystem
2.2. Operating Conditions
2.2.1. ORC Subsystem
2.2.2. PV Subsystem
2.2.3. WT Subsystem
2.2.4. Electric and Thermal Demand
2.3. Optimal Integrated System Configuration
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Multi-Variable Optimization
3.2. Monthly Energy Balance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ORC Configuration | Saturated | |
---|---|---|
Working fluid | Toluene | |
Maximum temperature | (°C) | 150.0–300.0 |
Maximum pressure | (bar) | 2.75–32.76 |
Condensation temperature | (°C) | 80.0 |
Condensation pressure | (bar) | 0.39 |
Pump efficiency | (-) | 0.60 |
Turbine efficiency | (-) | 0.70 |
Boiler and thermal oil circuit efficiency | (-) | 0.85 |
Electro-mechanical efficiency | (-) | 0.90 |
Heat exchanger thermal efficiency | (-) | 0.95 |
Electric reference efficiency | (-) | 0.33 |
Thermal reference efficiency | (-) | 0.86 |
Module Model | (-) | SunPower 315 |
---|---|---|
Module nominal power at STC | (Wp) | 315 |
Module efficiency | (%) | 19.3 |
Temperature coefficient | (%/°C) | −0.38 |
Nominal operating cell temperature | (°C) | 45 |
Module length | (m) | 1.559 |
Module width | (m) | 1.046 |
Number of modules | (-) | 1–200 |
Module slope | (°) | 30 |
Module orientation | (-) | South |
Reflectance efficiency | (%) | 97.0 |
Other components efficiency | (%) | 86.0 |
Wind Turbines Models Aeolos-H | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 kW | 2 kW | 3 kW | 5 kW | 10 kW | 20 kW | 30 kW | 50 kW | 60 kW | ||
Nominal power | (kW) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 50 | 60 |
Cut-in wind velocity | (m/s) | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Rated wind velocity | (m/s) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 |
Cut-off velocity | (m/s) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
Rotor blade diameter | (m) | 3.2 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 15.6 | 18.0 | 22.4 |
Investment Period | (Years) | 20 |
---|---|---|
Interest rate | (%) | 2 |
Specific revenue for the saved thermal energy | (c€/kWhth) | 10 |
Specific revenue for the saved electricity | (c€/kWhel) | 20 |
Specific value of the electricity injected into the grid | (c€/kWh) | 10 |
Specific cost of the electricity withdrawn from the grid | (c€/kWh) | 20 |
Specific cost of natural gas | (c€/kWh) | 9.4 |
Specific cost of biodiesel | (€/t) | 500 |
Specific cost of ORC subsystem | (€/kWel) | 5000 |
Specific cost of wind turbine | (€/kWel) | 2850 |
Specific cost of photovoltaic subsystem | (€/kWp) | 1500 |
Maintenance cost/Investment cost | (%) | 0.012 |
Optimization Criterion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
t-S-s | S-s | t-s | ||
Electric Power | (kWel) | 29.0 | 46.6 | 14.6 |
ORC Electric Power | (kWel) | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 |
PV Electric Power | (kWp) | 6.3 | 13.9 | 1.9 |
WT Electric Power | (kWel) | 10.0 | 20.0 | 0 |
Thermal Power | (kWth) | 63.5 | 63.5 | 63.5 |
Electric Production | (MWhel) | 86.9 | 119.6 | 53.1 |
Thermal Production | (MWhth) | 329.7 | 329.7 | 329.7 |
Electric Self-consumption | (%) | 56.1 | 61.1 | 43.1 |
Electric Surplus | (%) | 30.8 | 58.5 | 10.1 |
Electric Integration | (%) | 43.9 | 38.9 | 56.9 |
Thermal Self-consumption | (%) | 68.0 | 68.0 | 68.0 |
Thermal Surplus | (%) | 32.0 | 32.0 | 32.0 |
Thermal Integration | (%) | 32.0 | 32.0 | 32.0 |
Global efficiency | (%) | 17.5 | 24.0 | 10.0 |
Energy Utilization Factor | (%) | 83.8 | 90.4 | 77.0 |
Primary Energy Saving | (%) | 30.8 | 40.0 | 17.8 |
Operating hours | (h) | 8760 | 7679 | 6663 |
Minimum distance from WT | (m) | 144.5 | 162.4 | - |
WT acoustic influence area | (m2) | 65,597.2 | 82,855.6 | - |
Biodiesel consumption | (t) | 42.9 | 42.9 | 42.9 |
Natural gas consumption | (m3) | 11,609 | 11,609 | 11,609 |
Initial investment | (k€) | 101.2 | 130.4 | 66.1 |
Net positive value | (k€) | 133.6 | 156.6 | 103.5 |
Payback period | (years) | 7.7 | 8.1 | 6.9 |
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Algieri, A.; Morrone, P.; Bova, S. Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuel, Solar and Wind Multi-Source Small-Scale CHP Systems. Energies 2020, 13, 3002. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13113002
Algieri A, Morrone P, Bova S. Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuel, Solar and Wind Multi-Source Small-Scale CHP Systems. Energies. 2020; 13(11):3002. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13113002
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlgieri, Angelo, Pietropaolo Morrone, and Sergio Bova. 2020. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuel, Solar and Wind Multi-Source Small-Scale CHP Systems" Energies 13, no. 11: 3002. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13113002