Insights from Past Trends in Exergy Efficiency and Carbon Intensity of Electricity: Portugal, 1900–2014
1
MARETEC—Marine, Environment and Technology Center, LARSyS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
2
Department of Economic History, Lund University, Box 7083, S-220 07 Lund, Sweden
3
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2019, 12(3), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030534
Received: 13 December 2018 / Revised: 31 January 2019 / Accepted: 1 February 2019 / Published: 8 February 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Environment)
We use the societal exergy analysis to identify periods and factors controlling efficiency dilution and carbon deepening of electricity in Portugal from 1900 to 2014. Besides estimating the carbon intensity of electricity production, we propose a new indicator, the carbon intensity of electricity use, which quantifies CO2/kWh of electricity derived useful exergy. Results show final to useful efficiency dilution until World War I (50% to 30%) due to a decrease in share of the high-efficiency transport sector and from mid-1940s to 1960 and mid-1990s onwards (58% to 47% and 47% to 40%) due to an increase in share of the low efficiency commercial and residential sector. Decarbonization from 1900 to mid-1960s, with carbon intensities of electricity production and use dropping respectively from 12.8 to 0.2 and from 33.6 to 0.4 kg CO2/kWh due to an increase in thermoelectricity efficiencies and an increase in share of hydro. Then, a period of carbon deepening until 1990 with carbon intensities tripling due to a shift in shares from hydro to thermoelectricity and more recently a period of decarbonization with carbon intensities decreasing to 0.35 and 0.9 kg CO2/kWh, due to the increase in renewable electricity despite a dilution in final to useful efficiency.
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Felício, L.; Henriques, S.T.; Serrenho, A.; Domingos, T.; Sousa, T. Insights from Past Trends in Exergy Efficiency and Carbon Intensity of Electricity: Portugal, 1900–2014. Energies 2019, 12, 534.
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