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Article

The Mechanism and Diagnosis of Insulation Deterioration Caused by Moisture Ingress into Oil-Impregnated Paper Bushing

1
State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China
2
Electric Power Research Institute of China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510530, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2018, 11(6), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061496
Submission received: 28 May 2018 / Revised: 4 June 2018 / Accepted: 5 June 2018 / Published: 8 June 2018

Abstract

:
The healthy state of insulation in oil-impregnated bushings is traditionally evaluated by tanδ and capacitance at power frequency and mostly at 10 kV in the test standard. However, there has frequently been insulation accidents induced by moisture ingress (MI) for bushings that have passed the standard. The mechanism and new diagnostic features for MI into bushings were not distinct enough and an accurate test method is urgently needed research. To address this technical gap, a bushing model with a transparent sheath was designed and an ultrasonic humidifier device was adopted to simulate the environment of MI in bushings and recorded by digital camera. The parameters of dielectric dissipation factor, capacitance, partial discharge (PD), frequency domain response, and moisture content in oil were measured at room temperature with time. The results presented that both the increment dissipation factor at low frequency of 0.001 Hz and the increment dissipation factor of 1.2 Um could be used for detecting the earlier insulation defect of oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushings. The phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) can serve as the diagnostic basis of the severe state (S3) of insulation deterioration caused by MI into bushings around the phases of 0–117°, 151–303°, and 325–360°. The research findings would provide a useful reference for the condition diagnosis and maintenance of OIP bushings. Especially, the increment detection of Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) at the frequency of 1 mHz and 10 kHz was recommended firstly for the operative bushings in real sites.

1. Introduction

The oil-impregnated paper (OIP) condenser bushing is the most common device for power transmission in service. It provides a fundamental connection to carry the electric current passing through different potential conductors in electrical equipment [1,2]. OIP bushings ensure complex electrical, mechanical, thermal, and environmental stresses in operation and can easily be violated by insulation defects.
The accurate assessment of moisture content in a moistened OIP bushing is of great significance for the safe and reliable operation and maintenance in a power system. As has been frequently reported, the failures of OIP bushings could be induced by moisture ingress (MI), which might initiate a partial discharge (PD) and even explosion accidents of the power apparatus in a substation [3,4]. According to the data from various research and electric power utilities in use, around one quarter of the total transformer failures were caused by bushings failures [5,6], which can completely destroy a transformer and bring huge collateral damages to the transmission substation [7]. Operational records report that about 90% of bushing failures were triggered by the MI into the bushing through leaky gaskets or other openings [8,9,10]. Due to an unreasonable sealing structure or destroyed sealing system [11,12], it is easy to breathe in moisture from the external environment to the bushings, which could easily cause the insulation deterioration of the bushing. However, the mechanism and characteristics of insulation deterioration by MI in bushings remain far from clear. Therefore, it is important to identify the fault mechanism, characteristic, and diagnosis methods of insulation deterioration initiated by MI in bushings with the aim to minimize the risk of failures in power systems and reduce unnecessary economic losses.
Existing research on bushings mainly focuses on the qualitative diagnosis of moisture content in a bushing. However, the mechanism and new diagnostic features for MI into bushings were not distinct enough in order to detect insulation accidents induced by MI for bushings, which passed the existing standards. David J. Smith [13] from Glasgow Caledonian University used Finite Element Modeling (FEM) modelling of bushings to simulate the dissipation factor and capacitance for various moisture contents over a frequency range between 0.001 Hz and 1000 Hz and a temperature range between 0 and 90 °C. It was found that capacitance measurements at power frequency were not sensitive enough to detect the changes in moisture content. M. Krüge [14] from OMICRON Energy measured the new and aged bushings using the Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) method, which proved to be a very promising approach to detect the aging and moisture in bushings with high sensitivity. Victor Sokolov [15,16] from ZTZ-Service studied the typical defect and failure modes of HV bushings and modified the equivalent of the dissipation factor to diagnose the local moisture contamination of bushings. However, few analyses have been done in terms of MI into bushings. There remains an urgent need to study the mechanism of MI into bushings so as to achieve the precise diagnosis of the moisture related to bushing failures.
In the present research, a transparent bushing model was designed and an ultrasonic humidifier device was adopted to simulate the MI process. The parameters of the dielectric dissipation factor (tanδ), capacitance, PD, FDS, and moisture content in oil were measured at room temperature with time. The moisture content in the paper of the bushing model was measured until PD obviously occurred. It was expected that the test results could provide applicable reference for condition monitoring and maintenance of OIP bushing in the power system.

2. Test Setup and Methods

2.1. Bushing Model

As shown in Figure 1, the bushing model was composed of the capacitor core, polyethylene methacrylate (PMMA) chamber, conducting rod, oil, and tap grounding device.
The PMMA chamber functioned as the shield of the bushing, which was transparent and easily operated to observe the MI and gas phenomenon of the bushing. The size of the PMMA chamber has an inner size of Φ 100 mm × 300 mm and could withstand a temperature of 80 °C and an AC voltage of 50 kV. By using the capacitance radial grading technique, the present research designed a 26 kV OIP capacitance core, which consists of four layers of aluminum foil plating and paper in maximum lengths of 250 mm. The maximum radial electric field strength was recorded as 4.4 kV/mm. The maximum upper and lower axial electric field strengths were 0.1 kV/mm and 0.43 kV/mm, respectively.

2.2. Test Circuit

The test circuit is shown in Figure 2. The resistance of the protective resistor R1 and the capacitance of coupling capacitor C1 for AC power supply were selected as 10 kΩ and 815 pF. The PD detector Zm (LDS-6) with a sensitivity of ≤1 pC was connected to the coupling capacitor C1. The cross-core tanδ sensors with an accuracy of ≤0.04% detected the currents of the bushing model and coupled capacitor separately at the same time. The tanδ from 0.001 to 1 Hz was measured by the FDS system of IDAX300 (Megger, Danderyd, Sweden), whose test circuit in the bushing model was shown in Figure 2b.

2.3. Test Voltage

With reference to the output capacity of the experiment equipment, boosting voltages were applied to the bushing model. The AC voltage was applied to the bushing model every 5 min with a step of 5 kV, and the tanδ, capacitance, and PD were measured online under the applied AC voltage of 10 kV, 15 kV, 20 kV, 25 kV, and 30 kV, respectively. The amplitude of output voltage of the frequency domain response was set as 200 V by the IDAX software.

2.4. Moisture Ingress Method

As illustrated in Figure 3, the phenomenon of MI into the bushing was simulated by an ultrasonic humidifier through the crack of the top of bushing. The time of MI in the bushing was one hour with the maximum moisture flow. The micron-sized diameter of moisture was produced by an ultrasonic humidifier.

3. Characteristic of Moisture Ingress on Oil-Impregnated Paper Bushing

3.1. Moisture Ingress Phenomenon

As shown in Figure 4, before MI into the bushing model, the oil in the bushing model was clear and uncontaminated. After MI into the top of the bushing model, the moisture condensation was inching closer to the surface of the oil in the top of the bushing model. It was observed that MI into the bushing from the crack of the bushing top was a long process of moisture dissolved in oil.

3.2. Moisture in Oil

Before MI into the bushing model, the moisture content in oil was 7.24 mg/L at room temperature. However, after MI in the bushing for one hour, the bushing model was placed on the shelf with the top sealed.
As shown in Figure 5, the moisture content in oil was increased within the first 48 h moistening and decreased after the MI into the bushing. After 12 h, the moisture content in the oil of the bushing was increased to 9.95 mg/L. It can be seen from Figure 6 that the moisture content in oil increased slowly at the beginning and then went on a decline at a later stage. It signifies that the capacity of moisture absorption in oil was rather weak and thus the speed of the moisture migration between the oil in the bushing and outside the damped environment was slow. With the stronger capacity of moisture absorption in paper, the moisture content in the oil then witnessed a decline. Therefore, it would lead to an erroneous judgement on the insulation condition of the bushings by measuring the moisture content in oil alone.

3.3. Change of Tanδ and Capacitance

As presented in Figure 6a, the tanδ of the normal bushing model was stable and almost unchanged with the applied boosting of the AC voltage. As demonstrated in Figure 6b, prior to MI, the capacitance of the bushing model witnessed limited changes as the applied voltage was stepped up.
After MI into the bushing, the tanδ of the bushing model was increased from 0.62% to 0.73% under the AC voltage of 10 kV. When the applied voltage was boosted to 30 kV, the tanδ of the bushing model was increased to 0.97%, an increment of 32.88%, comparing to the value of tanδ at 10 kV. After MI, however, the capacitance grew from 102.6 to 103.8 pF under the AC voltage of 10 kV. Under the voltage of 30 kV, the capacitance mounted up to 104.1 pF with an increment rate of 0.28% in comparison to that at 10 kV. Therefore, it was inferred that the tanδ for the moistened bushing showed a higher sensitivity than the capacitance under different amplitudes of applied voltage.

3.4. Change of Partial Discharge

Prior to MI, the magnitude of PD was registered as less than 10 pC in the bushing model under 40 kV AC voltage.
After MI from the top of the bushing model, the maximum value of PD was still less than 10 pC under the applied voltage of 30 kV at 72 h. However, as shown in Figure 7a, prominent PD occurred under the voltage of 30 kV when the time is at 96 h. Within 1 min upon initiation of the PD, the phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) pattern was presented in Figure 7b, which shows a distributed scope of 0–107°, 159–303°, and 332–360°. In comparison, as demonstrated in Figure 7c, the PRPD widened a little in the region of 0–117°, 151–303°, and 325–360° within 30 min after the initiation of the PD. As presented in Figure 7d, the magnitude of the PD dramatically increased and exceeded 2856 pC at min 31 of PD initiation, while discharge flashover occurred at the same time. Then, the bushing model was dissected immediately.

3.5. Change of FDS

After the bushing model was damped at different times, parameters of tan from 0.001 to 1 Hz were measured and are presented in Figure 8. The results show that the tanδ changed more obviously at the first 24 h of MI at 0.001 Hz than that at the 50 Hz. Given its higher sensitivity, it was suggested to measure the tanδ at 0.001 Hz for the diagnosis of early MI in the OIP bushing.

4. Fault Mechanism of Moisture Ingress into Oil-Impregnated Paper Bushing

4.1. Distribution of Moisture Content in Bushing

Atmosphere water is the main source of the bushing moisture defect. Atmosphere moisture invaded into the bushing from the crack on the top in the form of water molecules as a result of the gradient differences between the water concentration in the atmosphere and inside the top of the bushing. Firstly, due to its own gravity and the absorption by the oil in the bushing, the invaded moisture gradually deposits itself and dissolves in the transformer oil.
Secondly, the moisture could be migrating from the oil to the paper of capacitance core insulation. At last, the moisture in paper continued to migrating from the outer layers to the inner layers of the capacitance core insulation for the density gradient of moisture concentrations. In other words, the moisture in the humid atmosphere would be penetrating the inner insulation of the bushing via the weakest sealing point of the density gradient of moisture in various parts of bushings.
The migration path of moisture in the bushing was shown in Figure 9. With the Karl–Fischer measurement instrument, the moisture content in the paper of the bushing cores were measured immediately after the PD mutation. Sampling points of the paper moisture measurement are shown in Figure 10a,b, which involves three points in the axial direction and four points in the radial direction.
The distribution of the moisture in the paper of the bushing core was non-uniform and the moisture of the outer layer was higher than the inner ones. The moisture in the top and bottom parts of the bushing core was higher than in the middle part. Therefore, the highest concentration of moisture was expected at the outer surface of the core. The aluminum foil has important influence on the moisture migration between the layers of cores, which will prevent the moisture from migrating between the layers.
Moisture is one of the most harmful agents for cellulose insulation. Its presence accelerates the insulation aging process, reduces the dielectric margin, and decreases the PD inception voltage, which consequently increases the probability of unexpected failures.
From the distribution of the water concentration, it was inferred that the outer layer of the capacitance core constitutes the weakest dielectric point. The electric field strength at the foil edge was extremely higher than its other part in the bushing. Its distribution is also non-uniform. The PD incurred at the foil edge of the outer layer would be greatly harmful to the insulation of the bushing.

4.2. Discharge Path Initiated by MI into OIP Bushing

The bushing model was dissected immediately after the flashover discharge. One discharge point was found in the outer-layer foil edge of the bushing model, as illustrated by Figure 11. The discharge path initiated by MI into the bushing was from the foil edge of the last layer along the surface of the paper to the current rod. It might be easy to break down along the axial direction of the paper surface instead of the radial direction in the paper layers of the cores for MI into the bushing.
The partial region of the capacitance cores are highly moistened by the MI. Thus the dielectric strength of the partially moistened region in the bushing might be weakened and even be developed to the flashover between the foil edge and the metal current rod. Therefore, the non-uniform moistened capacitance cores by MI should be diagnosed early for the safe and steady operation of OIP bushings.

5. Diagnosis of MI in Oil-Impregnated Paper Bushing

The power factor (PF) and capacitance are accepted for the condition evaluation of the bushing insulation. Conventionally, the insulation diagnostic tests of the dissipation factors and the capacitance are conducted at a power frequency of 50/60 Hz. However, the dissipation factor shows a lower sensitivity in the moisture content. In comparison, the lower frequency FDS as an accurate and non-destructive test method proves to be more sensitive in detecting and capturing the moisture defect dynamics in the bushing. Therefore, it was essential to measure the FDS increment at 0.001 Hz in order to identify the early moisture stage of the bushing, which may provide a reference for the condition monitoring and maintenance of the OIP in the power system.

5.1. New Features for Earlier Moisture Defection in OIP Bushing

It is presented in Figure 12a that the increment of tanδ from 10 to 25 kV under the highest voltage for equipment (Um) only reached 0.06% at 24 h, while it exceeded 0.2% from 10 to 30 kV in the context of 1.2 Um.
It could be seen from Figure 12b that the tanδ increment was registered as only 0.52% at 0.01 Hz but >2% at 0.001 Hz. It was indicated that the dissipation factor increment under lower frequencies was more significant than under higher ones. Therefore, it is suggested that the tanδ increment >2% at 0.001 Hz be adopted as the new criteria for the detection of the moisture defect in the bushing.
Given that the increment of the dissipation factor at the voltage of 1.2 Um is more obvious compared to the lower voltages applied, it is suggested that the tanδ increment of 0.2% under 10 kV voltage (1.2 Um) be set as the new criteria for the early detection of MI into the bushing.

5.2. Deterioration State Diagnosis for Defects Initiated by MI in OIP Bushing

The development of insulation deterioration initiated by MI in the OIP bushing can be classified into three phases in reference to the distinctive characters of tanδ, PD, and FDS. As shown in Table 1, the increment of tanδ at 0.001 Hz and from 10 kV to 1.2 Um are key features for insulation deterioration. It falls into three stages: the normal state (S1), initial moisture stage (S2), and the severe fault stage (S3).
In the S1 stage, there is not yet a PD occurrence at 1.2 Um. The increment value of tanδ at 0.001 Hz reads 2% and the same value under 10 kV of 1.2 Um is less than or equal to 0.2% at some temperature. In the S2 state, the tanδ increment was over 2% at 0.001 Hz and the tanδ value was over 1% under 1.2 Um at temperature. No PD occurrence was witnessed at 1.2 Um. In the S3 state, the PD was incurred obviously in the form of surface discharge and concentrated around the phases of 0–117°, 151–303°, and 325–360°. It represents the most severe insulation deterioration in the bushing. The total quantity and distribution of MI into the paper were different between S1, S2, and S3. The the moisture content was increasing from S1 to S2, from S2 to S3.
For the operative bushings, the FDS measurement at the frequency of 1 mHz and 10 kHz was recommended firstly as the lossless detection method. The increasing values of tanδ at the frequency of 1 mHz between 24 h could be the diagnostic basis for the wetting stage of the bushing at some temperature. Then, if the value of tanδ at the frequency of 1 mHz was exceeding the criterion, it could be recommended to return to the factory and measure the PD for further inspection.

6. Conclusions

The characteristics and mechanism of insulation deterioration caused by MI in the OIP bushing were observed and analyzed in this paper, which could provide a useful reference for the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of the OIP bushing.
Under the current model, the moisture in the oil and paper of the bushing would be increasing and the insulation strengths of the bushing would be weakening until insulation failure after MI into the bushing. At the declining stage of the moisture in oil, the pulse of PD occurred obviously and increased rapidly until the surface flashover.
The distribution of moisture in the capacitance core of the bushing was extremely non-uniform in the capacitance core after MI into the bushing. The aluminum foil has important influences on the moisture migration between the layers of cores, which prevents the moisture from migrating between layers. It might be easy to breakdown along the axial direction of the paper surface instead of the radial direction in the paper layers of the cores for MI in the bushing.
The increment of tanδ at the frequency of 0.001 Hz under 200 V and 50 Hz under 1.2 Um should be suggested as the new referential method for early diagnosis of insulation by MI in the bushing. The phases of PD could be diagnosed for moisture defect of the capacitance cores in the bushing. Especially for the operative bushings, the increment detection of FDS at the frequency of 1 mHz and 10 kHz was recommended firstly as the lossless detection method.

Author Contributions

B.Q. and Q.D. designed the methodology and wrote the manuscript. C.L. and M.F. conceived and design the experiments. Z.Z. and R.Z. implemented the experiments. All authors contributed improving the quality of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank National Natural Science Foundation of China (51477052), National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFB0902704) and China Southern Power Grid Research Program (K-KY2014-002), as well as the reviewers for reviewing the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation data; in the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results.

References

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Figure 1. The capacitor core model of oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushing. (a) Structure of bushing model; (b) Capacitance core; (c) Radial direction electric field.
Figure 1. The capacitor core model of oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushing. (a) Structure of bushing model; (b) Capacitance core; (c) Radial direction electric field.
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Figure 2. Test circuit of partial discharge (PD), tanδ, and Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS). (a) The circuit of PD and tanδ measurement; (b) FDS measurement. DSP: digital signal processing system.
Figure 2. Test circuit of partial discharge (PD), tanδ, and Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS). (a) The circuit of PD and tanδ measurement; (b) FDS measurement. DSP: digital signal processing system.
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Figure 3. Mass moisture ingress (MI) into bushing.
Figure 3. Mass moisture ingress (MI) into bushing.
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Figure 4. Phenomenon of MI into bushing top.
Figure 4. Phenomenon of MI into bushing top.
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Figure 5. Change of moisture content in oil.
Figure 5. Change of moisture content in oil.
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Figure 6. Comparison of the tanδ and capacitance under different voltage. (a) tanδ; (b) Capacitance.
Figure 6. Comparison of the tanδ and capacitance under different voltage. (a) tanδ; (b) Capacitance.
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Figure 7. Spectra of PD at different time intervals. (a) Change of PD magnitudes; (b) 1 min; (c) 30 min; (d) 31 min.
Figure 7. Spectra of PD at different time intervals. (a) Change of PD magnitudes; (b) 1 min; (c) 30 min; (d) 31 min.
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Figure 8. Change of tanδ from 0.001 to 1 Hz.
Figure 8. Change of tanδ from 0.001 to 1 Hz.
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Figure 9. Path of moisture migration in OIP bushing. (a) Initial state (b) Diffusion state (c) Fault state.
Figure 9. Path of moisture migration in OIP bushing. (a) Initial state (b) Diffusion state (c) Fault state.
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Figure 10. Sampling point of moisture in the core. (a) View of sample point model; (b) Distribution of moisture in paper of bushing core.
Figure 10. Sampling point of moisture in the core. (a) View of sample point model; (b) Distribution of moisture in paper of bushing core.
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Figure 11. Path of discharge in OIP bushing.
Figure 11. Path of discharge in OIP bushing.
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Figure 12. Increment of tanδ. (a) Increment of tanδ at the voltage from 10 kV to 1.2 Um; (b) Increment of tanδ at 0.001 Hz and 0.01 Hz.
Figure 12. Increment of tanδ. (a) Increment of tanδ at the voltage from 10 kV to 1.2 Um; (b) Increment of tanδ at 0.001 Hz and 0.01 Hz.
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Table 1. Features of Deterioration State Diagnosis.
Table 1. Features of Deterioration State Diagnosis.
StateKey FeaturesCriterion
S1Increment of 0.001 Hz tanδless than or equal to 2%
Increment of tanδ from 10 kV to 1.2 Umless than or equal to 0.2%
S2Increment of 0.001 Hz tanδmore than 2%
tanδ at 1.2 Ummore than 1%
S3Distribution of discharge degree0–117°, 151–303° and 325–360°

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MDPI and ACS Style

Qi, B.; Dai, Q.; Li, C.; Zeng, Z.; Fu, M.; Zhuo, R. The Mechanism and Diagnosis of Insulation Deterioration Caused by Moisture Ingress into Oil-Impregnated Paper Bushing. Energies 2018, 11, 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061496

AMA Style

Qi B, Dai Q, Li C, Zeng Z, Fu M, Zhuo R. The Mechanism and Diagnosis of Insulation Deterioration Caused by Moisture Ingress into Oil-Impregnated Paper Bushing. Energies. 2018; 11(6):1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061496

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qi, Bo, Quanmin Dai, Chengrong Li, Zipeng Zeng, Mingli Fu, and Ran Zhuo. 2018. "The Mechanism and Diagnosis of Insulation Deterioration Caused by Moisture Ingress into Oil-Impregnated Paper Bushing" Energies 11, no. 6: 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061496

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