Benefits of a Demand Response Exchange Participating in Existing Bulk-Power Markets †
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This manuscript is greatly expanded and improved on one of our previous conference publications titled “A Framework for Integrating Demand Response Into Bulk-Power Markets”.
Energies 2018, 11(12), 3361; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123361
Received: 1 November 2018
/
Revised: 20 November 2018
/
Accepted: 20 November 2018
/
Published: 1 December 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Demand Response in Electricity Markets)
In most U.S. market sponsored demand response (DR) programs, revenue earned from energy markets has been relatively low compared to DR used for capacity markets and ancillary services. This paper presents an aggregated DR model participating in the bulk-power market as a service through a pool-based entity called demand response exchange (DRX). Using the DRX structure, DR providers can participate in energy markets as a service to benefit bulk-power market entities. The benefits and challenges to each market entity using DR-as-a-service are presented in an extended review. The DRX model in this study is a market entity that operates with the day-ahead market to select DR offers that minimize electric utility payments. A case study was performed using the proposed DRX model on the IEEE 24-bus system, augmented to represent actual bulk-power market prices to study factors that influence utility payments under the DRX-market paradigm. Two high-price days of the PJM market were simulated, and it was shown for a single day on the augmented test case that spending $69,955 for DR-as-a-service results in a reduction of utility payments of $864,199. The day-ahead generator supply curve, network congestion, and DR curtailment were found to be the most influencing factors that impact the benefit of using DR-as-a-service.
View Full-Text
▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Durvasulu, V.; Hansen, T.M. Benefits of a Demand Response Exchange Participating in Existing Bulk-Power Markets. Energies 2018, 11, 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123361
AMA Style
Durvasulu V, Hansen TM. Benefits of a Demand Response Exchange Participating in Existing Bulk-Power Markets. Energies. 2018; 11(12):3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123361
Chicago/Turabian StyleDurvasulu, Venkat, and Timothy M. Hansen. 2018. "Benefits of a Demand Response Exchange Participating in Existing Bulk-Power Markets" Energies 11, no. 12: 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123361
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
