Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment Equipment and Methods
2.1. Heater Design Improvement
2.2. Experimental Equipment Setup
2.3. Experiment Conditions and Methods
3. Heating Performance Results
3.1. Performance Results According to Operating Conditions
3.1.1. Effect of the Airflow Rate
3.1.2. Effect of the Air Inlet Temperature
3.1.3. Effect of the Input Voltage
3.2. Analysis of Shape Parameters
3.2.1. Physical Model
3.2.2. Mathematical Background
3.2.3. Boundary Condition
3.2.4. Analysis Results and Discussion
3.3. Evaluation of Improved Model
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
Nomenclatures | |
Specific heat (J/kg·K) | |
F | Fin |
Current (A) | |
Mass flow rate (kg/s) | |
Temperature (°C) | |
Input voltage (V) | |
PTC heater weight (kg) | |
Energy efficiency (%) | |
Density (kW/kg) | |
Subscripts | |
a | Air |
gp | Gravimetric power |
i | Inlet |
o | Outlet |
p | Pitch |
t | Thickness |
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Parameter | Heater A (Base Model) | Heater B (Enhanced Model) |
---|---|---|
Heater total size (mm3) | 200 (W) × 210 (H) × 28 (D) | |
Heater module size (mm3) | 182 (W) × 186 (H) × 28 (D) | |
Weight (kg) | 1.8 | 1.6 |
Input voltage (V) | 330 | |
Fin type | Plate | Emboss |
Fin pitch (mm) | 2.0 | 1.6 |
Fin thickness (mm) | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Heat transfer area (mm3) | 501.1 | 507.6 |
Component | Specification |
---|---|
Thermocouple (K-type) | ±0.1% (−60–200 °C), inlet 6 points, outlet 54 points |
Diff. pressure gauge (Setra) | ±0.14% (0–0.5″ W.C.) |
Pressure gauge (Setra) | ±0.25% (600–1100 mbar/hPa) |
Pitot tube (Samdukeng) | Φ3.2 × 150 mm |
Thermo-hygrometer (Kimo) | ±0.25% (0–50 °C), 5–95% RH, ±1.5% RH (where 15 °C ≤ T ≤ 25 °C) |
Data acquisition system (NI) | 60 channels, 9–30 V @ 15 W |
Blower (Dongkun) | Turbo fan, max volume flow rate: 5 m3/min |
Experimental Conditions | Parameter |
---|---|
Mass flow rate (kg/h) | 100, 200, 300 *, 400, 500 |
Temperature (°C) | 0 *, 10, 20 |
Voltage (V) | 240, 270, 300, 330 * |
Case | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fin type | Plate | Plate | Plate | Emboss |
Fin pitch (mm) | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Fin thickness (mm) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
Part | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Heat (J/kg·°C) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·°C) |
---|---|---|---|
PTC thermistor | 3890 | 779 | 36 |
Guide | 1200 | 1050 | 0.23 |
Terminal | 8470 | 380 | 116 |
Insulator | 1600 | 840 | 2 |
Heat bar | 2700 | 900 | 218 |
Fin | 2680 | 880 | 138 |
Description | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature difference (°C) | 76.1 | 81.5 | 72.2 | 79.8 |
Heating capacity (kW) | 6.37 | 6.83 | 6.05 | 6.68 |
Pressure drop (Pa) | 35.2 | 39.0 | 29.8 | 48.7 |
Parameter | Heater A (Base Model) | Heater B (Enhanced Model) |
---|---|---|
Input current (A) | 15.9 | 17.1 |
Power consumption (kW) | 5.24 | 5.63 |
Temperature difference (°C) | 60.1 | 66.2 |
Heating capacity (kW) | 5.02 | 5.52 |
Pressure drop (Pa) | 40.4 | 48.2 |
Energy efficiency (%) | 95.7 | 98.0 |
Gravimetric power density (kW/kg) | 2.79 | 3.45 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Park, M.H.; Kim, S.C. Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle. Energies 2017, 10, 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101494
Park MH, Kim SC. Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle. Energies. 2017; 10(10):1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101494
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Myeong Hyeon, and Sung Chul Kim. 2017. "Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle" Energies 10, no. 10: 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101494