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Volume 30
Issue 2
10.3390/pathophysiology30020020
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Systematic Review

Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by
Amal Arifi Hidayat
1,
Vania Azalia Gunawan
1,
Firda Rachmawati Iragama
1,
Rizky Alfiansyah
1,
Decsa Medika Hertanto
2,
Artaria Tjempakasari
2,* and
Mochammad Thaha
2
1
Internal Medicine Resident, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
2
Division of Nephrology–Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathophysiology 2023, 30(2), 233-247; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology30020020
Submission received: 17 March 2023 / Revised: 9 May 2023 / Accepted: 12 May 2023 / Published: 15 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Internal Medicine: Moving Forward from the Pandemic Era)
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Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a worse prognosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Identification of AKI, particularly in COVID-19 patients, is important for improving patients’ management. The study aims to assess risk factors and comorbidities of AKI in COVID-19 patients. We systematically searched PubMed and DOAJ databases for relevant studies involving confirmed COVID-19 patients with data on risk factors and comorbidities of AKI. The risk factors and comorbidities were compared between AKI and non-AKI patients. A total of 30 studies involving 22385 confirmed COVID-19 patients were included. Male (OR: 1.74 (1.47, 2.05)), diabetes (OR: 1.65 (1.54, 1.76)), hypertension (OR: 1.82 (1.12, 2.95)), ischemic cardiac disease (OR: 1.70 (1.48, 1.95)), heart failure (OR: 2.29 (2.01, 2.59)), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR: 3.24 (2.20, 4.79)), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR: 1.86 (1.35, 2.57)), peripheral vascular disease (OR: 2.34 (1.20, 4.56)), and history of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (OR: 1.59 (1.29, 1.98)) were independent risk factors associated with COVID-19 patients with AKI. Patients with AKI presented with proteinuria (OR: 3.31 (2.59, 4.23)), hematuria (OR: 3.25 (2.59, 4.08)), and invasive mechanical ventilation (OR: 13.88 (8.23, 23.40)). For COVID-19 patients, male gender, diabetes, hypertension, ischemic cardiac disease, heart failure, CKD, COPD, peripheral vascular disease, and history of use of NSAIDs are associated with a higher risk of AKI.
Keywords: 2019-nCoV disease; acute kidney injury; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 infection 2019-nCoV disease; acute kidney injury; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 infection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hidayat, A.A.; Gunawan, V.A.; Iragama, F.R.; Alfiansyah, R.; Hertanto, D.M.; Tjempakasari, A.; Thaha, M. Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathophysiology 2023, 30, 233-247. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology30020020

AMA Style

Hidayat AA, Gunawan VA, Iragama FR, Alfiansyah R, Hertanto DM, Tjempakasari A, Thaha M. Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathophysiology. 2023; 30(2):233-247. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology30020020

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hidayat, Amal Arifi, Vania Azalia Gunawan, Firda Rachmawati Iragama, Rizky Alfiansyah, Decsa Medika Hertanto, Artaria Tjempakasari, and Mochammad Thaha. 2023. "Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Pathophysiology 30, no. 2: 233-247. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology30020020

APA Style

Hidayat, A. A., Gunawan, V. A., Iragama, F. R., Alfiansyah, R., Hertanto, D. M., Tjempakasari, A., & Thaha, M. (2023). Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathophysiology, 30(2), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology30020020

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