Knowledge Management Practice for Sustainable Development in Higher Education Institutions: Women Managers’ Perspective

Abstract

Women play a crucial leadership role in higher education institutions by implementing knowledge management practices; however, there is a lack of scientific studies that mainly investigate this role. Therefore, in order to fill this scientific studies gap, a purposive sampling technique focusing on women managers and a survey were employed to collect data from 201 women working in managerial positions in Lebanese and Syrian higher education institutions. PLS structural equational modeling technique and independent sample t-test were used to analyze the influence of the knowledge management cycle on sustainability in higher education institutions through women managers’ perspectives. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship among the analyzed knowledge management processes in the study, and some insignificant differences were detected in the independent sample t-test between the Lebanese and Syrian higher education institutions. The results of this study are valuable for strategic and knowledge management practitioners concerned with women’s leadership and implementation of knowledge management practices in higher education institutions for sustainability.

1. Introduction

Women constitute fifty percent of the global population and have a crucial contribution to social and economic development [1]. Even so, there remain significant obstacles for women in leadership positions to overcome [2]. These include negative perceptions about their competencies and potential, low self-expectations, limited access to education and political representation, and undervaluation of their successes. Sustainable Development Goal 5 aims to achieve gender equality and promote women’s empowerment. Nonetheless, only a few studies have focused on the benefits of long-term women leadership in academic administration [3] in the Middle East and mainly in the Lebanese and Syrian higher education institutions (HEIs). Furthermore, compared to other scientific disciplines, the gender sustainability aspect has been under-researched and under-emphasized in knowledge management theory and practice. In this context, as the commitment to ensuring female representation in the workplace grows [4], this study seeks to address this deficiency by analyzing the perspectives of women managers through implementing knowledge management practices in HEIs.

One of the missions of HEIs is to equip individuals to meet problem solving by promoting continuous learning [5] by implementing high-level education standards and equity. All 17 sustainable development goals aim to ensure a bright and peaceful future for the entire world population, and HEIs play a crucial role in achieving this [6]. In this context, effective and efficient application of knowledge management practices in HEIs contributes to implementing sustainable development goals and leads to enhancing staff competencies, uniqueness, and leadership. These outcomes benefit the organization and the entire economy and promote a culture of lifelong learning [7,8]. This study adopts a process-oriented approach [9,10] to sustain knowledge management practices in HEIs. This perspective suggests that an organization can build a uniqueness of knowledge potential [11,12,13] through the strategic application of knowledge strategy based on integrating the knowledge management cycle, leading to sustained organizational performance and leadership. From this perspective, it is argued in this study that investigating the influence of each knowledge management process on the subsequent processes helps ensure the sustainability of the flow of knowledge in an organization and its application, as it will assist in comprehending the contribution of each process to the knowledge management cycle in HEIs. In addition, this study conducts a comparison between Lebanese and Syrian HEIs in terms of knowledge management practices for better women managers’ collaboration, transfer of best practices, and leadership.

2. Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses

The knowledge-based view [14] contends that knowledge—both tangible and intangible—should be the central element of resources and that the structure of an institution should be built to maximize the generation and use of knowledge. Individual, organizational, and national growth are dependent on knowledge [15]. Knowledge is an organization’s unique resource for building uniqueness and leadership [9]. Thus, systemizing, managing, and sustaining knowledge in an organization is critical [16] and can be adopted through a process-oriented approach [9,10]. Knowledge management is systematically managing an organization’s knowledge potential to create value in line with its strategic needs [9]. It involves approaches, procedures, sustainability measures, and knowledge processes that are essential to knowledge management [9,10,17]. In this context, the HEI’s knowledge management system serves an essential purpose and helps implement the institution’s mission. Scientists [9,18,19,20,21,22] have studied various sets of knowledge management processes [9,10,23]. Based on HEIs, women managers’ perspective, knowledge acquisition, creation, storage, sharing, and application are all areas of study to raise sustainability within an organization. The learning community should begin at the individual level by developing required individual and organizational knowledge through knowledge networks within organizations [24]. From this perspective, and starting from the personal level, this study focuses on knowing women managers’ views on the organizational level at HEIs concerning managing knowledge for five knowledge management processes: knowledge acquisition, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing, knowledge application, and knowledge creation, and the levels of these processes between HEIs located in the two different countries to enhance the network of knowledge between them.

2.1. Knowledge Acquisition

The process by which an organization attains knowledge, whether from external sources or within, is known as knowledge acquisition [9,25]. The goal is to fill a knowledge gap or gain expertise to boost the organization’s ability to create value. Therefore, managing the mechanisms by which an organization gains new and long-lasting knowledge is becoming increasingly important. It enables the organization to improve its performance as organizations can achieve sustainability by acquiring new competencies and transferring them across various organizational levels. Consequently, organizations have not only to care about how to gain knowledge but also efficiently manage the knowledge acquisition process to achieve knowledge strategy [9,26]. Al Yami et al. [27] highlighted that the acquired knowledge should be codified and preserved so that it may be included in the organization’s current knowledge base, as technological advances allow organizations to codify, digitalize, and automate processes quickly. Accordingly, the following hypothesis is proposed:

Hypothesis 1 (H1).

Knowledge acquisition positively influences knowledge storage.

2.2. Knowledge Storage

An organization’s staff’s explicit knowledge is the source of its accumulated knowledge gained from implementation, leading to learned lessons about given management methods, techniques, tools, etc. Knowledge can be shared when an organization has captured and preserved enough [9]. As a result of its ability to improve the efficiency of the knowledge management cycle, a company’s ability to grow sustainably depends on its ability to accumulate valuable knowledge. Consequently, knowledge storage is crucial to the knowledge management process [9,28]. According to Cordeiro et al. [29], the process of storing knowledge is viewed as the systematization and structuring of an organization’s knowledge stock to make it accessible and usable by its organizational members. Hence, knowledge can only be shared to be accessed when it is appropriately systemized and stored. However, scientific studies rarely handle the influence of knowledge storage on knowledge sharing. Therefore, in order to fill this study gap, the following hypothesis is proposed:

Hypothesis 2 (H2).

Knowledge storage positively influences knowledge sharing.

2.3. Knowledge Sharing

The knowledge sharing process refers to assisting and working with others through gained knowledge [30] to solve issues, generate new ideas, implement policies, and achieve knowledge strategy [9,31]. Organizations may make the most of their knowledge-based resources by encouraging knowledge sharing between their employees and external partners; as a result, this is an essential process that institutions should continuously pursue to maintain their long-term development and leadership [9,32]. Organizations can generate substantial value from sharing what they already know internally. Organizations initiate the knowledge sharing process for personal knowledge to be transformed to the organizational level for effective and efficient usage [33]. Therefore, organizations need to integrate knowledge sharing process into the whole knowledge management cycle, which should reflect an ongoing cycle of knowledge gathering and application [9,34]. Adeinat and Abdulfatah [35] noted that some obstacles to successfully applying knowledge strategies inside organizations might be attributable to the absence of knowledge sharing. Intezari et al. [36] emphasized that knowledge sharing should lead to knowledge application, as it permits organizations to capitalize on and employ their knowledge assets. In this context, the following hypothesis is proposed:

Hypothesis 3 (H3).

Knowledge sharing positively influences knowledge application.

2.4. Knowledge Application and Creation

Knowledge application, also referred to in studies as knowledge utilization [9,37], is the process that guides how effectively and efficiently knowledge is used in the form of problem solving, decisions, new idea development, or alterations to behavior. It leads to attaining objectives and the possible transformation of prevailing practices within an organization [38]. In comparison, knowledge creation refers to the collaborative and interdependent process of generating new knowledge and updating current expertise inside an organization. As a result, this process generates new knowledge [39] at the individual and corporate levels [17]. Accordingly, knowledge application enables an organization to respond swiftly to shifting macro- and micro-environment conditions by incorporating existing knowledge into activities and processes [40]. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:

Hypothesis 4 (H4).

Knowledge application positively influences knowledge creation.

Previous studies stated that knowledge management processes were interrelated, and the improvement of one process would lead to the progress of the subsequent process. Based on this conviction, the conceptual research model for this study (Figure 1) was developed, and four research hypotheses were proposed.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Instrument

In order to capture women managers’ perspectives on knowledge management processes in HEIs, a survey was prepared, and a Likert scale ranging from one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree) was employed. The survey consisted of two sections. In the first section, the purpose of the study was introduced along with demographic questions. The second section includes 24 questions related to the five knowledge management processes analyzed in the study, with five items to measure each construct, except for the knowledge application, which only had four items. The survey items were self-developed and checked with representatives of HEIs. They were experts in knowledge management to ensure that survey did not have content- or face validity-related issues. Based on their comments, a few modifications and corrections were made to the study. Then, the survey was translated into Arabic to ensure that respondents could fully capture the meaning of the questions if they were not proficient in English.

3.2. Sampling Approach and Data Collection Process

Based on scientists’ recommendations on the sample size in structural equation modeling [41,42], the sample size in the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique should be greater than 200 [43]. The potential respondents’ selection criteria were gender (female) and managerial positions in HEIs. The study was conducted from May to July 2022, and 350 possible respondents were contacted online, where 201 respondents agreed to participate in this study.

3.3. Data Analysis Programs

The data analysis was performed using Smart-PLS 3 and Version 26 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

4. Results

4.1. Demographic Aspects of the Participants

The age distribution of the Syrian and Lebanese female academics revealed that 52.7% of the respondents were between the ages of 20 and 35, 42.8% were between the ages of 36 and 55, and 4.5% were above the age of 56. A total of 72.1% of the participants worked in Lebanese HEIs, and 27.9% worked in Syrian HEIs.

The educational background of the respondents showed that 17.4% had a Bachelor’s degree, 56.7% had a Master’s degree, 19.4% had a Ph.D., and 6.5% indicated that they received other forms of education. A total of 36.8% had managerial positions in administrative departments, and 63.2% worked in academic departments. A total of 35.3% had one to five years of experience, 34.3% had an experience of six to ten years, and 30.4% had more than ten years of professional experience (

Table 1. Women managers’ demographic aspects (created by the authors).

Category	Frequency	Percentage
Age	201	100
20–35	106	52.7
36–55	86	42.8
>56	9	4.5
Country	201	100
Lebanon	145	72.1
Syria	56	27.9
Education	201	100
Bachelor	35	17.4
Master	114	56.7
Ph.D.	39	19.4
other	13	6.5
Department	201	100
Administrative	74	36.8
Academic	127	63.2
Work experience (years)	201	100
1–5	71	35.3
6–10	69	34.3
More than 10 years	61	30.4

).

4.2. Multicollinearity and Common Method Variance

Multicollinearity in a dataset between variables might reduce the reliability of the findings. The variance inflation factor (VIF) measures the degree of correlation between one predictor and the other predictors in a model. It is utilized for collinearity/multicollinearity diagnosis. Scientists [44] recommend the value for VIF to be less than five to avoid multicollinearity problems, as greater values indicate that it is impossible to evaluate the contribution of predictors to a model with precision. Therefore, the VIF value was calculated for all the items included in the study, and all the results revealed a value of less than 3 for the items included in the study. Furthermore, since this study only employed a survey, the common method variance (CMV) was also calculated, and the result was 42.08% (<50%).

4.3. Measurement Model

By using the smart PLS program, confirmatory factor analysis was run, and generated a factor loading matrix (

Table 2. Rotated factor loading matrix (created by the authors).

Cross Loadings						Outer Loadings
Item	KACQN	KAPN	KCRN	KSHRN	KSTRG	KACQN	KAPN	KCRN	KSHRN	KSTRG
KACQN1	0.776	0.476	0.582	0.556	0.44	0.776
KACQN2	0.825	0.46	0.536	0.475	0.38	0.825
KACQN3	0.795	0.341	0.458	0.375	0.281	0.795
KACQN4	0.87	0.389	0.53	0.511	0.42	0.87
KACQN5	0.863	0.46	0.468	0.513	0.391	0.863
KAPN1	0.438	0.874	0.506	0.533	0.421		0.874
KAPN2	0.425	0.789	0.429	0.483	0.447		0.789
KAPN3	0.461	0.856	0.481	0.483	0.472		0.856
KAPN4	0.428	0.843	0.474	0.456	0.456		0.843
KCRN1	0.542	0.436	0.729	0.403	0.345			0.729
KCRN2	0.585	0.555	0.844	0.478	0.453			0.844
KCRN3	0.344	0.313	0.708	0.327	0.317			0.708
KCRN4	0.491	0.419	0.844	0.356	0.377			0.844
KCRN5	0.498	0.468	0.853	0.411	0.386			0.853
KSHR1	0.574	0.598	0.486	0.845	0.412				0.845
KSHR2	0.457	0.439	0.417	0.822	0.387				0.822
KSHR3	0.423	0.362	0.38	0.795	0.411				0.795
KSHR4	0.506	0.474	0.389	0.831	0.468				0.831
KSHR5	0.494	0.502	0.396	0.842	0.407				0.842
KSTRG1	0.341	0.329	0.314	0.37	0.762					0.762
KSTRG2	0.453	0.48	0.416	0.462	0.844					0.844
KSTRG3	0.308	0.346	0.376	0.307	0.763					0.763
KSTRG4	0.429	0.493	0.433	0.452	0.834					0.834
KSTRG5	0.351	0.476	0.381	0.422	0.844					0.844

). All the cross-loadings are displayed on the left side of the table, while the cleaned-up matrix is on the right. Matrix calculations show that no indicator has a cross-loading value larger than 0.6 in any dimension other than its original construct.

The results revealed good indicator loadings as no indicator had a value that was less than 0.703 (Figure 2).

The reliability of the constructs was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability, and all calculations showed good reliability as all the values for each construct were above 0.7 [45]. Furthermore, the average variance extracted values were all greater than 0.5 for each construct, indicating convergent validity (

Table 3. Measurement model (created by the authors).

Construct	Cronbach’s Alpha	Composite Reliability	Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
KACQN	0.884	0.915	0.683
KAPN	0.861	0.906	0.707
KCRN	0.857	0.897	0.637
KSHRN	0.885	0.915	0.684
KSTRG	0.869	0.905	0.656

Note: KACQN: Knowledge acquisition, KAPN: Knowledge application, KCRN: Knowledge creation, KSHRN: Knowledge sharing, KSTRG: Knowledge storage.

).

Discriminant Validity: for constructs to have discriminant validity, an adequate AVE analysis is required to determine whether or not discriminant validity is established. During an AVE analysis, it was checked whether the square root of every AVE value which belongs to each latent construct is significantly higher than any correlation that exists between any pair of latent constructs [46]. This method for assessing discriminant validity is also known as the Fornell and Larcker method.

In accordance with the Fornell and Larcker criterion, the discriminant validity for the constructs was confirmed as the study (

Table 4. Fornell and Larcker discriminant validity criterion-related calculations (created by the authors).

Construct	1	2	3	4	5
1. KACQN	0.827
2. KAPN	0.521	0.841
3. KCRN	0.629	0.563	0.798
4. KSHRN	0.598	0.582	0.503	0.827
5. KSTRG	0.472	0.533	0.477	0.505	0.81

) revealed that the square root of the AVE highlighted in bold and arranged diagonally is higher than inter-construct correlations [47].

The discriminant validity of the constructs was also achieved by conducting another analysis known as the Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT).

When the HTMT is used as a criterion, it is compared to a threshold that has been established beforehand. If the value of the HTMT is more than this threshold, it is possible to conclude that the discriminant validity of the test is lacking. A lack of discriminant validity might be inferred from HTMT values that are near 1. HTMT ratio calculations were conducted (

Table 5. Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)-related calculations (created by the authors).

	KACQN	KAPN	KCRN	KSHRN	KSTRG
KACQN
KAPN	0.59
KCRN	0.701	0.639
KSHRN	0.658	0.657	0.566
KSTRG	0.519	0.608	0.543	0.566

), and all the values of the HTMT were less than the recommended threshold of 0.9 [48].

4.4. Structural Model Assessment and Hypotheses Testing

The structural relationships were tested at a 0.05 significance level by running a non-parametric bootstrapping technique that allows for the generation of 5000 subsamples from the original sampling size with replacement, which also yields approximate t-values for testing the significance of the structural path [49]. Therefore, a structural path is considered significant if it has a p-value that is less than 0.05. If the t-value exceeds 1.96, the path is considered significant at the 0.05 level of significance [50].

The structural model test revealed good results with a significant and positive influence among the analyzed structured relationships. The coefficient of variation (R²) related to the analyzed processes values (Figure 3) is greater than 0.2, indicating good predictive power as recommended in social science studies by scholars [51]. Furthermore, the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) in this model is 0.07 (<0.08), which is within the recommended threshold. Therefore, the previously indicated measures (R² and SRMR) suggest an acceptable model fit, as highlighted in previous research [52].

The structural model test findings revealed significant positive relations (

Table 6. Summary of structural model test results (created by the authors).

Path	Coefficient (β)	t Statistics	p Values	Result
KACQN → KSTRG	0.472	7.608	<0.001	Supported
KAPN → KCRN	0.563	9.998	<0.001	Supported
KSHRN → KAPN	0.582	9.686	<0.001	Supported
KSTRG → KSHRN	0.505	7.258	<0.001	Supported

) among knowledge management processes: KACQN → KSTRG (β = 0.472, t = 7.608, p = < 0.001), KAPN → KCRN (β = 0.563, t = 9.998, p = < 0.001), KSHRN → KAPN (β = 0.582, t = 9.686, p = < 0.001), KSTRG → KSHRN (β = 0.505, t = 7.258, p = < 0.001).

4.5. Independent Sample t-Test

In order to compare knowledge management processes among the Syrian and Lebanese HEIs and provide future suggestions on collaboration programs related to knowledge management, an independent sample t-test was conducted (

Table 7. Summary of independent sample t-test results (created by the authors).

Variable/Process	Lebanon (n = 145)		Syria (n = 56)		Df.	T	P	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
	M	S.D.	Mean	S.D.				Lower	Upper
KACQN	3.884	0.5665	3.650	0.6045	199	2.578	0.011	0.0550	0.4132
KSTRG	3.836	0.5450	3.607	0.5821	199	2.617	0.010	0.0564	0.4011
KSHRN	3.803	0.5508	3.589	0.7190	81.158	2.006	0.048	0.0018	0.4252
KAPN	3.789	0.5446	3.746	0.6545	199	0.469	0.640	−0.1365	0.2216
KCRN	3.883	0.5738	3.757	0.6356	199	1.350	0.179	−0.0579	0.3091

Note: M: Mean, S.D: standard deviation, Df: degree of freedom, T: t statistics, P: p-value.

) to test the following hypotheses at a 0.05 significance level:

Hypothesis 5 (H5).

The knowledgeacquisition level is equal among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs;

Hypothesis 6 (H6).

The knowledge acquisition level is different among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs;

Hypothesis 7 (H7).

The knowledge storage level is equal among Lebanese and Syrian HEI;

Hypothesis 8 (H8).

The knowledge storage level is different among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs;

Hypothesis 9 (H9).

The knowledge sharing level is equal among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs;

Hypothesis 10 (H10).

The knowledge sharing level is different among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs;

Hypothesis 11 (H11).

The knowledge application level is equal among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs;

Hypothesis 12 (H12).

The knowledge application level is different among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs;

Hypothesis 13 (H3).

The knowledge creation level is equal among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs;

Hypothesis 14 (H14).

The knowledge creation level is different among Lebanese and Syrian HEIs.

The independent sample t-test revealed a significant difference in knowledge acquisition between Syrian and Lebanese HEIs, t(199) = 2.578, p = 0.011, 95% C.I. (0.0550–0.4132). The Lebanese HEIs have, on average, a higher knowledge acquisition level in their organizations (M = 3.884, SD = 0.5665) as compared to Syrian HEIs (M = 3.650, SD = 0.6045). Therefore, H5 is rejected. A significant difference in knowledge storage is noticed: t(199) = 2.617, p = 0.010, 95% C.I. (0.0564–0.4011). The Lebanese HEIs have, on average, a higher knowledge storage level in their organizations (M = 3.836, SD = 0.5450) as compared to Syrian HEIs (M = 3.607, SD = 0.5821). Therefore, H7 is rejected. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in knowledge sharing: t(81.158) = 2.006, p = 0.048, 95% C.I. (0.0018–0.4252). The Lebanese HEIs have, on average, a higher knowledge sharing level in their organizations (M = 3.803, SD = 0.5508) as compared to Syrian HEIs (M = 3.589, SD = 0.7190). Therefore, H9 is rejected. However, the independent sample t-test reported an insignificant difference in knowledge application between Syrian and Lebanese HEIs: t(199) = 0.469, p = 0.640, 95% C.I. (−0.1365–0.2216). There is no significant difference between the Lebanese HEIs in knowledge application level in their organizations (M = 3.789, SD = 0.5446) as compared to Syrian HEIs (M = 3.746, SD = 0.6545). Therefore, H11 is accepted. The independent sample t-test also reported an insignificant difference in knowledge creation: t(199) = 1.350, p = 0.179, 95% C.I. (−0.0579–0.3091). There is no significant difference between the Lebanese HEIs’ knowledge creation level in their organizations (M = 3.883, SD = 0.5738) compared to Syrian universities (M = 3.757, SD = 0.6356). Therefore, H13 is accepted.

5. Discussion of the Results and Conclusions

The importance of this study is mainly related to its emphasis on women managers in Lebanese and Syrian HEIs, as the glass ceiling pertaining to a career still persists, and women’s representation in managerial positions remains low [53]. This study assessed knowledge management processes in HEIs through women managers’ perspective as knowledge-oriented leaders [13] who could prioritize knowledge by communicating a compelling vision and offering guidance to implement knowledge strategy in HEIs for sustainable leadership [54].

The sample size in this study involved 201 women managers, and it was satisfactory to use the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique. The findings indicated that the measurement model meets all the requirements. The reliability and validity of the constructs were achieved. Furthermore, the structural model test revealed a high positive significance among the analyzed knowledge management processes. The highest influence was for knowledge sharing on knowledge application: KSHRN → KAPN (β = 0.582, t = 9.686, p = < 0.001). Therefore, HEIs should emphasize knowledge sharing in their institution to improve knowledge application and sustainability. The second-highest influence was for knowledge application on knowledge creation: KAPN → KCRN (β = 0.563, t = 9.998, p = < 0.001). Thus, HEIs should encourage staff to apply existing organizational knowledge to solve problems or find ways to facilitate the knowledge creation process to find new solutions and innovative knowledge potential for new educational programs. The influence of knowledge storage on knowledge sharing, KSTRG → KSHRN (β = 0.505, t = 7.258, p = < 0.001), also showed a high significance. Therefore, storing knowledge efficiently in HEI databases and making it accessible should be highly prioritized. Concerning the influence of knowledge acquisition on knowledge storage, the results were also reinforcing: KACQN → KSTRG (β = 0.472, t = 7.608, p = < 0.001), which indicates that HEIs are encouraged to foster information technologies that enhance their knowledge storage capabilities, enabling the acquisition of knowledge from various inner and outer sources to increase knowledge potential.

The independent sample t-tests revealed a significant difference in knowledge acquisition, sharing, and storage between the Lebanese and Syrian HEIs. The Lebanese HEIs have, on average higher levels in these processes, and it would be beneficial for the Syrian HEIs to find collaborative ways to gain best practices from Lebanese HEIs.

This study’s motive was mainly related to empowering women by basing the research results on their insights about knowledge management in HEIs. In addition, improving knowledge processes could reduce costs incurred due to a knowledge gap that can be filled through knowledge acquisition and storage. When HEI staff learn how to transfer their acquired knowledge into the organizational repository for the appliance knowledge according to the need, it will facilitate the knowledge creation process and HEI sustainability.

This study contributes to the knowledge management field by providing a knowledge management framework that integrates the influence of each knowledge management process on the proceeding process in the knowledge management cycle within the HEI context through women managers’ perspectives. Lebanese and Syrian HEIs are encouraged to consider this study’s results as guidelines on implementing the whole knowledge management cycle as a tool for sustainable development and leadership.

This study has two main limitations. The first limitation is related to the countries of the study, since it was conducted in Lebanon and Syria, and the results of this research are applicable to Lebanese and Syrian HEIs. The second limitation is that this study handled knowledge management processes without integrating individual and organizational factors influencing processes. Hence, future research is required with a wider geographical region to improve the generalizability of the findings, and the factors that influence these processes should be integrated to have an enhanced knowledge management framework in HEIs.