Trend and Cancer-Specific Prevalence of Kidney Stones Among US Cancer Survivors, 2007–2020
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Diagnosis of Cancer
2.3. Assessment of Kidney Stones
2.4. Sociodemographic Characteristics, Lifestyle Factors, and Chronic Conditions
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Trend and Prevalence of Kidney Stones in Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer Adults
3.2. Kidney Stones and Sociodemographic, Lifestyle Factors and Chronic Conditions
3.3. Cancer-Specific Patterns of Kidney Stones
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-Cancer Adults | Cancer Survivors | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Size | Weighted | Prevalence of Kidney Stones, % (95% CI) | Sample Size | Weighted | Prevalence of Kidney Stones, % (95% CI) | |
(Weighted%) | Population | (Weighted%) | Population | |||
All | 40,395 (100) | 210,662,296 | 9.2 (8.8 to 9.6) | 3492 (100) | 17,607,772 | 15.8 (14.0 to 17.5) |
Age, y | ||||||
<65 | 31,571 (83.7) | 176,318,137 | 8.5 (8.1 to 9.0) | 1430 (48.9) | 8,607,366 | 16.4 (13.5 to 19.2) |
≥65 | 8824 (16.3) | 34,344,159 | 12.9 (11.9 to 13.9) | 2062 (51.1) | 9,000,406 | 15.2 (13.1 to 17.2) |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 20,696 (51.2) | 102,793,435 | 8.2 (7.7 to 8.8) | 1913 (60.3) | 6,992,471 | 13.5 (11.3 to 15.6) |
Male | 19,699 (48.8) | 107,868,861 | 10.3 (9.7 to 10.9) | 1579 (39.7) | 10,615,301 | 19.2 (16.3 to 22.1) |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 15,228 (64.1) | 24,750,299 | 10.6 (10.0 to 11.2) | 1999 (80.5) | 1,323,639 | 16.3 (14.3 to 18.4) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 9243 (11.7) | 135,096,183 | 5.2 (4.7 to 5.7) | 677 (7.5) | 14,181,746 | 9.1 (6.8 to 11.5) |
Hispanic | 10,287 (15.4) | 32,377,212 | 7.8 (7.2 to 8.3) | 538 (6.8) | 1,195,831 | 13.8 (10.5 to 17.1) |
Non-Hispanic Other | 5637 (8.8) | 18,438,602 | 7.1 (6.1 to 8.0) | 278 (5.1) | 906,556 | 19.0 (9.3 to 28.7) |
Educational level | ||||||
<High school | 9637 (15.5) | 32,650,750 | 9.6 (8.8 to 10.4) | 773 (13.0) | 2,286,309 | 14.0 (11.0 to 17.1) |
High school/GED | 9406 (23.8) | 50,188,198 | 9.3 (8.5 to 10.1) | 771 (22.1) | 3,893,987 | 16.9 (13.1 to 20.7) |
>High school | 21,352 (60.7) | 127,823,348 | 9.1 (8.6 to 9.7) | 1948 (64.9) | 11,427,476 | 15.7 (13.4 to 18.0) |
Family poverty income ratio | ||||||
<1.3 | 11,521 (20.1) | 42,372,259 | 8.6 (7.9 to 9.2) | 848 (15.5) | 2,733,864 | 16.0 (12.8 to 19.2) |
1.3 to <3.5 | 18,097 (41.0) | 86,396,421 | 9.6 (9.0 to 10.2) | 1636 (42.6) | 7,504,040 | 15.3 (12.7 to 17.8) |
≥3.5 | 10,777 (38.9) | 81,893,616 | 9.2 (8.5 to 9.9) | 1008 (41.9) | 7,369,868 | 16.1 (13.1 to 19.2) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
<25 | 10,994 (28.3) | 59,567,866 | 6.4 (5.7 to 7.0) | 851 (24.3) | 4,270,207 | 12.0 (8.9 to 15.1) |
25–<30 | 14,377 (35.3) | 74,354,693 | 8.8 (8.2 to 9.5) | 1345 (38.1) | 6,705,309 | 15.8 (13.0 to 18.6) |
≥30 | 15,024 (36.4) | 76,739,737 | 11.9 (11.1 to 12.6) | 1296 (37.7) | 6,632,256 | 18.1 (15.1 to 21.1) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Never smoker | 23,178 (56.9) | 119,891,617 | 8.4 (7.9 to 9.0) | 1632 (47.6) | 8,377,508 | 15.3 (12.8 to 17.8) |
Former smoker | 9104 (23.5) | 49,490,164 | 11.1 (10.2 to 12.0) | 1298 (36.3) | 6,399,613 | 16.9 (14.0 to 19.8) |
Current smoker | 8113 (19.6) | 41,280,515 | 9.3 (8.5 to 10.2) | 562 (16.1) | 2,830,651 | 14.5 (10.3 to 18.7) |
Leisure-time physical activity | ||||||
Inactive | 21,352 (46.2) | 97,304,212 | 10.4 (9.8 to 11.0) | 2145 (54.9) | 9,660,756 | 17.0 (14.6 to 19.3) |
Insufficiently active | 5801 (16.0) | 33,615,289 | 8.7 (7.7 to 9.8) | 445 (13.8) | 2,427,753 | 15.8 (11.2 to 20.4) |
Sufficiently active | 13,242 (37.9) | 79,742,795 | 8.1 (7.4 to 8.7) | 902 (31.3) | 5,519,263 | 13.6 (10.5 to 16.7) |
Daily sitting time, h/d | ||||||
<4 | 11,862 (25.1) | 52,795,175 | 8.8 (8.1 to 9.6) | 741 (18.7) | 3,298,830 | 17.1 (13.0 to 21.1) |
4–<8 | 15,882 (39.8) | 83,854,203 | 9.0 (8.4 to 9.7) | 1515 (41.9) | 7,384,669 | 17.0 (14.1 to 19.9) |
≥8 | 12,651 (35.1) | 74,012,918 | 9.8 (9.0 to 10.5) | 1236 (39.3) | 6,924,273 | 13.8 (11.3 to 16.3) |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
No | 35,164 (90.6) | 190,925,231 | 8.4 (8.0 to 8.8) | 2701 (81.7) | 14,389,302 | 14.4 (12.5 to 16.3) |
Yes | 5231 (9.4) | 19,737,065 | 17.1 (15.5 to 18.7) | 791 (18.3) | 3,218,470 | 21.9 (17.7 to 26.1) |
Cardiovascular diseases | ||||||
No | 36,227 (92.1) | 194,017,838 | 8.6 (8.2 to 9.0) | 2619 (79.1) | 13,924,477 | 14.5 (12.6 to 16.4) |
Yes | 4168 (7.9) | 16,644,458 | 16.5 (14.9 to 18.1) | 873 (20.9) | 3,683,295 | 20.4 (16.4 to 24.3) |
Gout | ||||||
No | 30,598 (82.0) | 172,784,482 | 9.0 (8.5 to 9.4) | 2393 (75.0) | 13,212,348 | 13.9 (12.0 to 15.8) |
Yes | 1385 (3.1) | 6,590,860 | 16.9 (14.1 to 19.7) | 268 (7.3) | 1,276,682 | 30.6 (22.0 to 39.3) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p for Interaction c | ||
---|---|---|---|
Non-Cancer Adults (N = 40,395) | Cancer Survivors b (N = 3492) | ||
Age, y | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | <0.001 |
Sex | |||
Female | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.450 |
Male | 1.51 (1.28 to 1.78) | 3.48 (2.08 to 5.81) | |
Race/Ethnicity | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.067 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 0.45 (0.39 to 0.50) | 0.43 (0.30 to 0.62) | |
Hispanic | 0.76 (0.67 to 0.85) | 0.75 (0.52 to 1.08) | |
Non-Hispanic Other | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.86) | 1.10 (0.63 to 1.93) | |
Educational level | |||
<High school | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.766 |
High school/GED | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.11) | 1.19 (0.82 to 1.74) | |
>High school | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.20) | 1.18 (0.84 to 1.67) | |
Family poverty income ratio | |||
<1.3 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.770 |
1.3 to <3.5 | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) | 0.83 (0.59 to 1.16) | |
≥3.5 | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.07) | 0.95 (0.64 to 1.42) | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||
<25 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.279 |
25–<30 | 1.30 (1.13 to 1.49) | 1.30 (0.90 to 1.89) | |
≥30 | 1.76 (1.54 to 2.01) | 1.31 (0.90 to 1.92) | |
Smoking status | |||
Never smoker | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.741 |
Former smoker | 1.00 (0.88 to 1.12) | 0.97 (0.72 to 1.30) | |
Current smoker | 1.14 (1.00 to 1.30) | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.24) | |
Leisure-time physical activity | |||
Inactive | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.899 |
Insufficiently active | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.05) | 0.85 (0.56 to 1.30) | |
Sufficiently active | 0.92 (0.82 to 1.04) | 0.66 (0.48 to 0.93) | |
Daily sitting time, h/d | |||
<4 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.018 |
4–<8 | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.03) | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.41) | |
≥8 | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.10) | 0.69 (0.47 to 1.02) | |
Diabetes mellitus | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.298 |
Yes | 1.55 (1.35 to 1.78) | 1.44 (1.06 to 1.96) | |
Cardiovascular diseases | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.550 |
Yes | 1.26 (1.09 to 1.46) | 1.29 (0.95 to 1.76) | |
Gout | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.237 |
Yes | 1.29 (1.05 to 1.60) | 2.28 (1.49 to 3.49) | |
Pregnancy (female only) | |||
Never | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.929 |
Ever | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.46) | 2.12 (1.29 to 3.50) | |
Hormone therapy (female only) | |||
Never | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 0.547 |
Ever | 1.08 (0.90 to 1.30) | 1.57 (1.06 to 2.31) |
Non-Cancer Adults (N = 40,395) | Cancer Survivors (N = 3492) | |
---|---|---|
Prevalence of Kidney Stone | Prevalence of Kidney Stone | |
Weighted% (95% CI) | Weighted% (95% CI) | |
All | 9.4 (9.0 to 9.9) | 16.7 (14.8 to 18.5) |
Age, y | ||
<65 | 9.4 (8.9 to 9.9) | 16.5 (14.4 to 18.6) |
≥65 | 9.7 (8.5 to 10.9) | 16.8 (14.9 to 18.7) |
Sex | ||
Male | 12 (11.1 to 12.8) | 19.6 (17.5 to 21.7) |
Female | 7.1 (6.4 to 7.7) | 14.7 (12.8 to 16.6) |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 10.9 (10.3 to 11.5) | 17.5 (15.6 to 19.4) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 4.4 (3.8 to 5.0) | 11.0 (9.1 to 13.0) |
Hispanic | 7.8 (7.0 to 8.5) | 14.4 (12.3 to 16.4) |
Non-Hispanic Other | 8 (6.8 to 9.3) | 14.6 (12.3 to 17.0) |
Educational level | ||
<High school | 9.2 (8.1 to 10.2) | 16.3 (14.3 to 18.4) |
High school/GED | 8.6 (7.7 to 9.5) | 15.8 (13.7 to 17.8) |
>High school | 9.8 (9.3 to 10.4) | 17.0 (15.1 to 18.9) |
Family poverty income ratio | ||
<1.3 | 8.9 (8.2 to 9.7) | 16.1 (14.1 to 18.1) |
1.3 to <3.5 | 9.6 (9.0 to 10.3) | 16.8 (14.9 to 18.8) |
≥3.5 | 9.5 (8.7 to 10.3) | 16.7 (14.7 to 18.7) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||
<25 | 7.1 (6.4 to 7.8) | 14.2 (12.2 to 16.2) |
25–< 30 | 9.3 (8.5 to 10) | 16.4 (14.4 to 18.3) |
≥30 | 11.4 (10.6 to 12.2) | 18.5 (16.5 to 20.4) |
Smoking status | ||
Never smoker | 9.1 (8.5 to 9.6) | 16.2 (14.3 to 18.2) |
Former smoker | 9.9 (9.0 to 10.8) | 17.0 (15.0 to 19.0) |
Current smoker | 10.0 (9.0 to 11.0) | 17.1 (15.0 to 19.2) |
Leisure-time physical activity | ||
Inactive | 10.2 (9.5 to 10.9) | 17.3 (15.4 to 19.2) |
Insufficiently active | 8.5 (7.5 to 9.6) | 15.6 (13.5 to 17.7) |
Sufficiently active | 8.9 (8.2 to 9.6) | 16.0 (14.1 to 18.0) |
Daily sitting time, h/d | ||
<4 | 9.9 (9.1 to 10.7) | 17.2 (15.1 to 19.2) |
4–< 8 | 9.2 (8.5 to 9.9) | 16.5 (14.5 to 18.4) |
≥8 | 9.4 (8.7 to 10.1) | 16.6 (14.7 to 18.6) |
Diabetes mellitus | ||
No | 8.9 (8.4 to 9.3) | 15.6 (13.7 to 17.5) |
Yes | 15.0 (13.3 to 16.6) | 21.7 (19.3 to 24.0) |
Cardiovascular diseases | ||
No | 9.1 (8.7 to 9.6) | 15.8 (13.9 to 17.7) |
Yes | 13.1 (11.4 to 14.8) | 19.8 (17.4 to 22.2) |
Gout | ||
No | 9.2 (8.7 to 9.7) | 16.2 (14.3 to 18.0) |
Yes | 15.3 (12.4 to 18.2) | 22.2 (18.8 to 25.7) |
Cancer Type | N | Prevalence of Kidney Stone |
---|---|---|
Weighted population | Weighted% (95% CI) | |
All | 3492 | 15.8 |
17,607,772 | (14.0 to 17.5) | |
Oral Cavity and Pharynx | 26 | 14.5 |
149,406 | (0 to 30.5) | |
Upper gastrointestinal tract | 117 | 8.0 |
456,521 | (2.7 to 13.2) | |
Colorectal | 351 | 19.2 |
1,429,235 | (13.5 to 24.8) | |
Larynx/Trachea | 22 | 1.7 |
103,778 | (0 to 5.3) | |
Lung | 127 | 13.8 |
523,098 | (6.9 to 20.8) | |
Bone and Soft Tissue | 37 | 29.9 |
171,209 | (8.0 to 51.8) | |
Melanoma | 304 | 13.7 |
2,172,236 | (8.8 to 18.5) | |
Breast | 693 | 10.2 |
3,909,645 | (7.3 to 13.2) | |
Cervix | 258 | 16.3 |
1,639,971 | (10.2 to 22.3) | |
Uterus | 195 | 21.8 |
983,724 | (13.1 to 30.4) | |
Ovary | 115 | 29.8 |
632,493 | (15.6 to 44.0) | |
Prostate | 710 | 20.8 |
2,512,044 | (16.4 to 25.2) | |
Testis | 23 | 26.3 |
282,685 | (0 to 53.6) | |
Bladder | 121 | 23.0 |
483,796 | (12.8 to 33.2) | |
Kidney | 98 | 34.7 |
376,685 | (21.0 to 48.3) | |
Brain | 24 | 16.1 |
106,609 | (0 to 35.1) | |
Thyroid | 115 | 18.2 |
660,376 | (8.0 to 28.4) | |
Lymphoma | 107 | 16.3 |
497,990 | (5.1 to 27.5) | |
Blood and Leukemia | 73 | 5.6 |
383,075 | (0 to 14.2) | |
Other | 272 | 12.9 |
1,659,134 | (7.7 to 18.1) |
Cancer Type | Prevalence, Weighted% (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Male | Female | |
All | 19.2 | 13.5 |
(16.3 to 22.1) | (11.3 to 15.6) | |
Oral Cavity and Pharynx | 29.3 | |
(0.1 to 58.4) | ||
Upper gastrointestinal tract | 4.5 | 11.5 |
(1.0 to 8.1) | (1.4 to 21.5) | |
Colorectal | 25.6 | 14.4 |
(15.9 to 35.3) | (7.8 to 21) | |
Larynx/Trachea | 1.8 | |
(0 to 5.9) | ||
Lung | 7.9 | 18.9 |
(1.1 to 14.6) | (7.3 to 30.4) | |
Bone and Soft Tissue | 34.3 | 20.3 |
(5.1 to 63.4) | (0 to 50.3) | |
Melanoma | 20.0 | 5.6 |
(12.1 to 28.0) | (2 to 9.2) | |
Breast | 10.3 | |
(7.3 to 13.2) | ||
Cervix | 16.3 | |
(10.2 to 22.3) | ||
Uterus | 21.8 | |
(13.1 to 30.4) | ||
Ovary | 29.8 | |
(15.6 to 44.0) | ||
Prostate | 20.8 | |
(16.4 to 25.2) | ||
Testis | 26.3 | |
(0 to 53.6) | ||
Bladder | 24.3 | 19.9 |
(11.6 to 36.9) | (3.1 to 36.8) | |
Kidney | 36.5 | 30.2 |
(19.4 to 53.6) | (7.9 to 52.4) | |
Brain | 17.8 | 14.7 |
(0 to 56.1) | (0 to 37.1) | |
Thyroid | 1.9 | 22.2 |
(0 to 6) | (9.8 to 34.5) | |
Lymphoma | 13.3 | 18.9 |
(0 to 26.7) | (1.4 to 36.5) | |
Blood and Leukemia | 0.7 | 16.1 |
(0 to 2) | (0 to 41.1) | |
Other | 15.8 | 9.8 |
(7.1 to 24.5) | (4.3 to 15.3) |
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Cao, C.; Wang, R.; Wang, X.; Abufaraj, M.; Waldhoer, T.; Gotto, G.T.; Shariat, S.F.; Yang, L. Trend and Cancer-Specific Prevalence of Kidney Stones Among US Cancer Survivors, 2007–2020. Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32, 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32090498
Cao C, Wang R, Wang X, Abufaraj M, Waldhoer T, Gotto GT, Shariat SF, Yang L. Trend and Cancer-Specific Prevalence of Kidney Stones Among US Cancer Survivors, 2007–2020. Current Oncology. 2025; 32(9):498. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32090498
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Chao, Ruixuan Wang, Xiangren Wang, Mohammad Abufaraj, Thomas Waldhoer, Geoffrey T. Gotto, Shahrokh F. Shariat, and Lin Yang. 2025. "Trend and Cancer-Specific Prevalence of Kidney Stones Among US Cancer Survivors, 2007–2020" Current Oncology 32, no. 9: 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32090498
APA StyleCao, C., Wang, R., Wang, X., Abufaraj, M., Waldhoer, T., Gotto, G. T., Shariat, S. F., & Yang, L. (2025). Trend and Cancer-Specific Prevalence of Kidney Stones Among US Cancer Survivors, 2007–2020. Current Oncology, 32(9), 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32090498