Association between Endometriosis and the Risk of Ovarian, Endometrial, Cervical, and Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample 2016–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients with Endometriosis | Patients without Endometriosis | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Ovarian Cancer (n = 542) | Endometrial Cancer (n = 399) | Cervical Cancer (n = 101) | Breast Cancer (n = 167) | Ovarian Cancer (n = 45,705) | Endometrial Cancer (n = 30,325) | Cervical Cancer (n = 18,753) | Breast Cancer (n = 133,026) |
Age (mean ± standard deviation) | 52.30 ± 12.34 | 60.54 ± 11.36 | 44.86 ± 12.27 | 50.68 ± 10.24 | 53.02 ± 17.31 | 54.73 ± 15.46 | 42.21 ± 16.91 | 53.42 ± 17.23 |
Year | ||||||||
2016 | 140 (25.83) | 88 (22.06) | 25 (24.75) | 54 (32.34) | 11,272 (24.66) | 7390 (24.37) | 4598 (24.52) | 31,907 (23.99) |
2017 | 136 (25.09) | 99 (24.81) | 24 (23.76) | 33 (19.76) | 11,455 (25.06) | 7490 (24.70) | 4549 (24.26) | 32,497 (24.43) |
2018 | 133 (24.54) | 104 (26.07) | 28 (27.72) | 34 (20.36) | 11,481 (25.12) | 7565 (24.95) | 4687 (24.99) | 33,577 (25.24) |
2019 | 133 (24.54) | 108 (27.07) | 24 (23.76) | 46 (27.54) | 11,497 (25.15) | 7880 (25.99) | 4919 (26.23) | 35,045 (26.34) |
Race | ||||||||
White | 341 (62.92) | 263 (65.91) | 71 (70.30) | 114 (68.26) | 33,036 (72.28) | 19,773 (65.20) | 10,603 (56.54) | 89,335 (67.16) |
Black | 60 (11.07) | 57 (14.29) | 13 (12.87) | 22 (13.17) | 4881 (10.68) | 5350 (17.64) | 3501 (18.67) | 22,517 (16.93) |
Hispanic | 65 (11.99) | 31 (7.77) | 11 (10.89) | 16 (9.58) | 4379 (9.58) | 2947 (9.72) | 3118 (16.63) | 12,121 (9.11) |
Asian or Pacific Islander | 47 (8.67) | 32 (8.02) | 3 (2.97) | 8 (4.79) | 1822 (3.99) | 1141 (3.73) | 673 (3.59) | 4380 (3.29) |
Native American | 2 (0.37) | 2 (0.50) | 1 (0.99) | 0 (0) | 193 (0.42) | 122 (0.40) | 108 (0.58) | 559 (0.42) |
Other | 27 (4.98) | 14 (3.51) | 2 (1.98) | 7 (4.19) | 1394 (3.05) | 992 (3.27) | 750 (4) | 4114 (3.09) |
Primary expected payer | ||||||||
Medicare | 98 (18.08) | 159 (39.85) | 11 (10.89) | 33 (19.76) | 23,630 (51.70) | 16,551 (54.58) | 5212 (27.79) | 69,187 (52.01) |
Medicaid | 71 (13.10) | 37 (9.27) | 26 (25.74) | 30 (17.96) | 4901 (10.72) | 3402 (11.22) | 6530 (34.82) | 16,781 (12.61) |
Private insurance | 338 (62.36) | 186 (46.62) | 58 (57.74) | 93 (55.69) | 15,026 (32.88) | 8920 (29.41) | 5552 (29.61) | 42,261 (31.77) |
Self-pay | 18 (3.32) | 8 (2.01) | 3 (2.97) | 2 (1.20) | 1109 (2.43) | 770 (2.54) | 923 (4.92) | 2028 (1.52) |
No charge | 4 (0.74) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.60) | 120 (0.26) | 101 (0.33) | 105 (0.56) | 258 (0.19) |
Other | 13 (2.40) | 9 (2.26) | 3 (2.97) | 8 (4.79) | 919 (2.01) | 581 (1.92) | 431 (2.30) | 2511 (1.89) |
ZIP income quartile | ||||||||
1st–25th | 103 (19) | 75 (18.80) | 24 (23.76) | 34 (20.36) | 11,210 (24.53) | 8532 (28.14) | 6922 (36.91) | 35,095 (26.38) |
26th–50th | 121 (22.32) | 97 (24.31) | 22 (21.78) | 31 (18.56) | 11,392 (24.93) | 7472 (24.64) | 4763 (25.40) | 32,343 (24.31) |
51st–75th | 135 (24.91) | 99 (24.81) | 24 (23.76) | 39 (23.35) | 11,597 (25.37) | 7488 (24.69) | 4130 (22.02) | 32,873 (24.71) |
76th–100th | 183 (33.76) | 128 (32.08) | 31 (30.69) | 63 (37.72) | 11,506 (25.17) | 6833 (22.53) | 2938 (15.67) | 32,715 (24.59) |
Location/Teaching status of hospital | ||||||||
Rural | 10 (1.85) | 5 (1.25) | 3 (2.97) | 14 (8.38) | 2127 (4.65) | 1186 (3.91) | 864 (4.61) | 9355 (7.03) |
Urban nonteaching | 45 (8.30) | 38 (9.52) | 12 (11.88) | 27 (16.17) | 7397 (16.18) | 3981 (13.13) | 2833 (15.11) | 26,824 (20.16) |
Urban teaching | 487 (89.85) | 356 (89.22) | 86 (85.15) | 126 (75.45) | 36,181 (79.16) | 25,158 (82.96) | 15,056 (80.29) | 96,847 (72.80) |
Bed Size | ||||||||
Small | 53 (9.78) | 38 (9.52) | 12 (11.88) | 27 (16.17) | 6401 (14.01) | 3866 (12.75) | 2327 (12.41) | 25,589 (19.24) |
Medium | 116 (21.40) | 76 (19.05) | 29 (28.71) | 57 (34.13) | 11,967 (26.18) | 7550 (24.90) | 4627 (24.67) | 38,230 (28.74) |
Large | 373 (68.82) | 285 (71.43) | 60 (59.41) | 83 (49.70) | 27,337 (59.81) | 18,909 (62.35) | 11,799 (62.92) | 69,207 (52.03) |
Hospital Region | ||||||||
Northeast | 137 (25.28) | 102 (25.56) | 26 (25.74) | 42 (25.15) | 9241 (20.22) | 6743 (22.24) | 3237 (17.26) | 29,592 (22.25) |
Midwest or North Central | 83 (15.31) | 68 (17.04) | 16 (15.84) | 26 (15.57) | 9626 (21.06) | 7064 (23.29) | 3483 (18.57) | 28,061 (21.09) |
South | 183 (33.76) | 137 (34.34) | 33 (32.67) | 68 (40.72) | 16,915 (37.01) | 10,482 (34.57) | 8248 (43.98) | 50,408 (37.89) |
West | 139 (25.65) | 92 (23.06) | 26 (25.74) | 31 (18.56) | 9923 (21.71) | 6036 (19.90) | 3785 (20.18) | 24,965 (18.77) |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||||||
<20 | 7 (1.29) | 3 (0.75) | 3 (2.97) | 2 (1.20) | 2110 (4.62) | 559 (1.84) | 1468 (7.83) | 4389 (3.30) |
20–30 | 12 (2.21) | 5 (1.25) | 3 (2.97) | 3 (1.80) | 3181 (6.96) | 1321 (4.36) | 1090 (5.81) | 6158 (4.63) |
30–40 | 45 (8.30) | 49 (12.28) | 9 (8.91) | 6 (3.59) | 3134 (6.86) | 3643 (12.01) | 1145 (6.11) | 9422 (7.08) |
>40 | 35 (6.46) | 80 (20.05) | 7 (6.93) | 6 (3.59) | 2405 (5.26) | 5439 (17.94) | 986 (5.26) | 7583 (5.70) |
Missing | 443 (81.73) | 262 (65.66) | 79 (78.22) | 150 (89.82) | 34,875 (76.30) | 19,363 (63.85) | 14,064 (75) | 105,474 (79.29) |
Hormonal replacement therapy | 6 (1.11) | 5 (1.25) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.20) | 412 (0.90) | 253 (0.83) | 84 (0.45) | 1086 (0.82) |
Alcohol misuse | 2 (0.37) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.97) | 1 (0.60) | 168 (0.37) | 75 (0.25) | 134 (0.71) | 752 (0.57) |
Smoking | 0 (0) | 3 (0.75) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.60) | 203 (0.44) | 117 (0.39) | 191 (1.02) | 721 (0.54) |
Died | 2 (0.37) | 2 (0.50) | 1 (0.99) | 3 (1.80) | 2128 (4.66) | 1071 (3.53) | 716 (3.82) | 6017 (4.52) |
Cancer Type | Univariate Analysis | |
---|---|---|
Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] | p-Value | |
Ovarian cancer | 3.42 [3.05, 3.84] | <0.001 |
Endometrial cancer | 3.35 [2.97, 3.79] | <0.001 |
Cervical cancer | 1.05 [0.85, 1.28] | 0.663 |
Breast cancer | 0.12 [1.10, 1.17] | <0.001 |
Cancer Type | Multivariate Analysis | |
---|---|---|
Adjusted Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] | p-Value | |
Ovarian cancer | 3.34 [2.97, 3.75] | <0.001 * |
Endometrial cancer | 3.61 [3.19, 4.08] | <0.001 * |
Cervical cancer | 0.80 [0.65, 0.99] | 0.036 |
Breast cancer | 0.12 [0.11, 0.15] | <0.001 * |
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Al-Badawi, I.A.; Abu-Zaid, A.; Alomar, O.; Alsabban, M.; Alsehaimi, S.O.; Alqarni, S.M.S.; Alabdrabalamir, S.N.; Baradwan, S.; Al Baalharith, M.; AlOdaini, A.A.; et al. Association between Endometriosis and the Risk of Ovarian, Endometrial, Cervical, and Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample 2016–2019. Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31, 472-481. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31010032
Al-Badawi IA, Abu-Zaid A, Alomar O, Alsabban M, Alsehaimi SO, Alqarni SMS, Alabdrabalamir SN, Baradwan S, Al Baalharith M, AlOdaini AA, et al. Association between Endometriosis and the Risk of Ovarian, Endometrial, Cervical, and Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample 2016–2019. Current Oncology. 2024; 31(1):472-481. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31010032
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Badawi, Ismail Abdulrahman, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Osama Alomar, Mohannad Alsabban, Saud Owaimer Alsehaimi, Saad M. S. Alqarni, Safa Nasser Alabdrabalamir, Saeed Baradwan, Maha Al Baalharith, Amal A. AlOdaini, and et al. 2024. "Association between Endometriosis and the Risk of Ovarian, Endometrial, Cervical, and Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample 2016–2019" Current Oncology 31, no. 1: 472-481. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31010032
APA StyleAl-Badawi, I. A., Abu-Zaid, A., Alomar, O., Alsabban, M., Alsehaimi, S. O., Alqarni, S. M. S., Alabdrabalamir, S. N., Baradwan, S., Al Baalharith, M., AlOdaini, A. A., Saleh, S. A. K., Adly, H. M., Bukhari, I. A., & Salem, H. (2024). Association between Endometriosis and the Risk of Ovarian, Endometrial, Cervical, and Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample 2016–2019. Current Oncology, 31(1), 472-481. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31010032