Child-Owned Poultry Intervention Effects on Hemoglobin, Anemia, Concurrent Anemia and Stunting, and Morbidity Status of Young Children in Southern Ethiopia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Community Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Participants, and Sample Size
2.2. Intervention
2.3. Ethics Approval
2.4. Measurements
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Intestinal Helminthiasis and Malaria Infection
3.3. Hemoglobin, Anemia, and Concurrent Anemia and Stunting (CAS)
3.4. Morbidity Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Intervention (N = 127) | Control (N = 126) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Livestock production | |||||
Poultry production | Chicken | 26 | 20.5 | 33 | 26.2 |
Chicken care | Day cage/separated place a | 3 | 11.5 | 2 | 6.1 |
Night shelter/cage a | 5 | 19.2 | 5 | 15.2 | |
Maternal Characteristics | |||||
Age in years | Mean age (SD) | 27.3 (4.68) | 27.5 (4.18) | ||
Education on feeding eggs | Received | 51 | 40.2 | 52 | 41.3 |
Awareness of chicken feces as risk to child | Aware | 30 | 23.6 | 40 | 31.7 |
Child Characteristics | |||||
Sex | Female * | 46 | 36.2 | 69 | 54.8 |
Age (month) | Mean (SD) | 10.9 (3.18) | 11.4 (4.28) | ||
IYCF | |||||
Breastfeeding | Currently fed on breastmilk | 125 | 98.4 | 122 | 96.8 |
Complementary food (CF) | Currently on CF | 120 | 94.5 | 117 | 92.9 |
Mean age of introduction: months (SD) | 6.13 (0.59) | 6.2 (0.69) | |||
Egg intake history | Ever fed | 65 | 51.2 | 57 | 45.2 |
% children fed with egg | 24h before survey | 10 | 7.9 | 12 | 9.5 |
The week before survey | 30 | 23.6 | 35 | 27.8 | |
Eggs consumed per week | Mean (SD) | 0.23 (0.42) | 0.29 (0.51) |
Baseline | End Line | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IG (N = 122) | CG (N = 121) | IG (N = 122) | CG (N = 121) | Effect Size 1 | Effect Size 1 | |||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) a | p | β (95% CI) a | p | |
Hgb | 11.1 (1.1) | 10.9 (1.4) | 11.4 (1.0) | 10.6 (1.4) | 0.52 (0.26, 0.77) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.28, 0.79) † | <0.001 |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) b | p | OR (95% CI) b | p | |
Anemia | 50 (41) | 51 (42.1) | 26 (21.3) | 70 (57.9) | 0.45 (0.30, 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.24, 0.54) †† | <0.001 |
CAS | 16 (13.1) | 13 (10.7) | 8 (6.6) | 29 (24) | 0.52 (0.29, 0.94) | 0.031 | 0.43 (0.23, 0.80) ††† | 0.007 |
Strata | N | Hemoglobin | Anemia | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | End Line | Effect Size 1 | Baseline | End Line | Effect Size 2 | |||||
Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | p | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | |||||
Normal Weight | IG | 100 | 11.2 (1.1) | 11.4 (1.0) | 0.54 (0.26, 0.81) | <0.001 | 39 (39.0) | 21 (21.0) | 0.40 (0.26, 0.64) | <0.001 |
CG | 97 | 10.9 (1.3) | 10.6 (1.3) | 41 (42.3) | 59 (60.8) | |||||
Not Stunted | IG | 87 | 11.2 (1.1) | 11.4 (1.1) | 0.53 (0.24, 0.82) | <0.001 | 34 (39.1) | 19 (21.8) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.62) | <0.001 |
CG | 84 | 11.0 (1.1) | 10.6 (1.4) | 38 (45.2) | 52 (61.9) | |||||
Not Wasted | IG | 111 | 11.2 (1.1) | 11.4 (1.0) | 0.54 (0.28, 0.81) | <0.001 | 44 (39.6) | 23 (20.7) | 0.43 (0.28, 0.65) | <0.001 |
CG | 111 | 10.9 (1.4) | 10.6 (1.4) | 48 (43.2) | 64 (57.7) | |||||
Anemic | IG | 50 | 10.1 (0.8) | 11.3 (1.0) | 0.83 (0.47, 1.19) | <0.001 | 50 (100.0) | 15 (30.0) | 0.11 (0.04, 0.26) a | <0.001 |
CG | 51 | 9.7 (1.3) | 10.1 (1.2) | 51 (100.0) | 41 (80.4) | |||||
Non-Anemic | IG | 72 | 11.8 (0.6) | 11.5 (0.9) | 0.27 (0.03, 0.51) | 0.026 | 0 (0) | 11 (15.3) | 0.25 (0.12, 0.57) a | 0.001 |
CG | 70 | 11.7 (0.6) | 11.0 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 29 (41.4) | |||||
Non CAS | IG | 106 | 11.3 (1.0) | 11.4 (1.0) | 0.44 (0.20, 0.69) | <0.001 | 34 (32.1) | 21 (19.8) | 0.41 (0.26, 0.65) | <0.001 |
CG | 108 | 11.4 (1.0) | 10.7 (1.4) | 38 (35.2) | 61 (56.5) |
Strata | N | Baseline | End Line | OR (95% CI) 1 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | ||||||
Normal weight | IG | 100 | 11 (11) | 6 (6) | 0.28 (0.11, 0.74) | 0.010 |
CG | 97 | 5 (5.2) | 18 (18.6) | |||
Not wasted | IG | 111 | 15 (13.5) | 7 (6.3) | 0.22 (0.09, 0.53) | 0.001 |
CG | 111 | 12 (10.8) | 26 (23.4) | |||
Stunted | IG | 35 | 16 (45.7) | 4 (11.4) | 0.17 (0.05, 0.58) | 0.005 |
CG | 37 | 13 (35.1) | 16 (43.2) | |||
Not stunted | IG | 87 | 0 (0) | 4 (4.6) | 0.26 (0.08, 0.84) | 0.025 |
CG | 84 | 0 (0) | 13 (15.5) | |||
Anemic | IG | 50 | 16 (32.0) | 5 (10.0) | 0.20 (0.07, 0.61) | 0.004 |
CG | 51 | 13 (25.5) | 18 (35.3) | |||
Non-anemic | IG | 72 | 0 (0) | 3 (4.2) | 0.23 (0.06, 0.88) | 0.031 |
CG | 70 | 0 (0) | 11 (15.7) | |||
CAS | IG | 16 | 16 (100) | 3 (18.8) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.57) | 0.010 |
CG | 13 | 13 (100) | 9 (69.2) | |||
Non-CAS | IG | 106 | 0 (0) | 5 (4.7) | 0.22 (0.08, 0.61) | 0.003 |
CG | 108 | 0 (0) | 20 (18.5) |
Morbidity | Baseline | End Line | OR (95% CI) 1 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IG (N = 122) | CG (N = 121) | IG (N = 122) | CG (N = 121) | |||
% | % | % | % | |||
Any symptom | 51.6 | 52.9 | 54.1 | 58.7 | 0.81 (0.62–1.04) | 0.102 |
Fever | 35.2 | 28.1 | 27.0 | 31.4 | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 0.144 |
Cough | 27.0 | 19.8 | 29.5 | 27.3 | 0.95 (0.70–1.28) | 0.736 |
Diarrhea | 18.0 | 14.9 | 20.5 | 17.4 | 0.79 (0.56–1.10) | 0.158 |
Vomiting | 16.4 | 14.9 | 6.6 | 9.9 | 0.77 (0.52–1.17) | 0.220 |
Skin Infection | 7.4 | 4.1 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 1.10 (0.66–1.86) | 0.709 |
Eye, ear and other infections | 9.8 | 12.4 | 1.6 | 4.1 | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | 0.413 |
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Omer, A.; Hailu, D.; Whiting, S.J. Child-Owned Poultry Intervention Effects on Hemoglobin, Anemia, Concurrent Anemia and Stunting, and Morbidity Status of Young Children in Southern Ethiopia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Community Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075406
Omer A, Hailu D, Whiting SJ. Child-Owned Poultry Intervention Effects on Hemoglobin, Anemia, Concurrent Anemia and Stunting, and Morbidity Status of Young Children in Southern Ethiopia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Community Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(7):5406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075406
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmer, Anteneh, Dejene Hailu, and Susan Joyce Whiting. 2023. "Child-Owned Poultry Intervention Effects on Hemoglobin, Anemia, Concurrent Anemia and Stunting, and Morbidity Status of Young Children in Southern Ethiopia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Community Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7: 5406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075406