Rural Industrial Integration’s Impact on Agriculture GTFP Growth: Influence Mechanism and Empirical Test Using China as an Example
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Literature Review
2. Theoretical Analysis and Research Hypothesis
2.1. Influence Mechanism of Rural Industrial Integration on Agricultural GTFP
- (1)
- Technology progress effect. Through geographic proximity, talent flow and technical interaction between agricultural and related business entities, rural industrial integration realizes the deconstruction, reorganization and extension of industrial chains between secondary and tertiary industries and agriculture. This improves the technical level of agricultural production and encourages the overflow of advanced technology and management experience from non-agricultural industries to agriculture [19]. The new industries and models derived from rural industrial integration, such as ecological agriculture, recycling agriculture and intelligent agriculture, also have high technical ability and advanced process management mode. Taking intelligent agriculture as an example, the development of agricultural “intelligence” has improved the technical capacity of all aspects of agriculture and realized the development of agricultural precision, intelligence and intensification.
- (2)
- Factor reallocation effect. Rural industrial integration has improved the conditions of agricultural factor endowment and increased the efficiency of agricultural factor allocation through the effective integration of urban secondary and tertiary industries. It has also strengthened the connection between urban and rural industries and prompted the diffusion and penetration of production factors such as technology, capital, talents, management and information into the field of agricultural industries [20,21]. Through aggregation, penetration and cross-reorganization among the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, rural industrial integration redistributes rural capital, technology and resources across borders and realizes the flow and full interaction of capital, technology, talent, information, management and other elements in this process. Additionally, factor system integration encourages the optimum allocation of diverse production factors in deeper fields and at higher levels, which significantly enhances the effectiveness of agricultural factor allocation. Rural industrial integration not only creates new forms of business, but also breaks through the traditional function of supplying agricultural products, promotes the multi-functional development of production, service, ecology and society of agriculture, maximizes the potential of converting agricultural resources into economic value and promotes the comprehensive application of resource elements and the maximization of output value [22,23].
- (3)
- Ecological environment optimization effect. Agricultural information and technology services extended by the rural industrial integration, such as information or intelligent management and remote sensing technology, improve the level of agricultural production technology, optimize the agricultural production business process, reduce the traditional human, material and chemical fertilizer and pesticide resource consumption in the agricultural production and operation process and help reduce agricultural ecological pollution [24,25]. Consider eco-agriculture, one of the forms of industrial integration, which combines traditional agriculture with cutting-edge ecologically sound technology. Eco-agriculture emphasizes not only the full utilization of agricultural resources but also the scientific conservation and restoration of agricultural resources and ecosystems, producing safe and healthy agricultural products while also fostering the improvement of the rural ecological environment. Another example is circular agriculture, which establishes a system of reciprocal conditions, mutual utilization, and perpetuation of production factors among various agricultural segments, realizing the reduction in waste emission in the production process, or even zero emission and resource reuse, and thereby reducing the use of pesticides, veterinary drugs, chemical fertilizers and conventional energy, which forms a production pattern of clean production, low input, low consumption, low emission and high efficiency, and improves the comprehensive allocation efficiency of agricultural resources and ecological environment quality.
2.2. The Regulating Role of Rural Land Transfer and Rural Human Capital Investment
2.2.1. The Regulating Role of Rural Land Transfer
2.2.2. The Regulating Role of Rural Human Capital Investment
3. Models, Estimation Methods and Variables
3.1. Variables
3.1.1. Explained Variable
3.1.2. Explanatory Variable
3.1.3. Control Variables
3.1.4. Regulating Variables
3.1.5. Data Sources and Descriptive Statistics
4. Empirical Testing
4.1. Baseline Regression
4.2. Robustness Tests
4.2.1. Robustness Test Based on Quantile Regression
4.2.2. Robustness Test Based on Tobit model
4.3. Heterogeneity Tests
4.3.1. Heterogeneity Test Based on GTFP Segmentation Index
4.3.2. Heterogeneity Test Based on the Level of Rural Industrial Integration
4.3.3. Heterogeneity Test Based on before and after the Rural Industrial Integration Pilot Policy
4.4. Influence Mechanism Test: The Regulating Effect of Rural Human Capital or Land Transfer and Rural Industrial Integration
5. Research Conclusions and Policy Implications
5.1. Research Conclusions
- (1)
- The integrated development of rural industries is conducive to the growth of agricultural GTFP. After the decomposition of agricultural GTFP into the agricultural green technology progress index and agricultural green technology efficiency index, it is found that the integration of rural industries can promote agricultural green technology progress and green efficiency improvement, but the promotion effect of agricultural green technology progress is more obvious. This shows that, in the context of the increasingly prominent trend of global agricultural high carbonization and the major challenges facing agricultural sustainable development, promoting the integrated development of agriculture and related industries can achieve the growth of agricultural GTFP through the progress of agricultural green technology and the improvement of factor allocation efficiency and, thus, promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
- (2)
- Quantile regression found that with the increase in agricultural GTFP, the promoting effect of rural industrial integration presented an “inverted U-shaped” feature of first growth and then decline. This indicates that when the agricultural GTFP level is low or high, the agricultural GTFP growth effect of rural industry integration is decreased, while when the agricultural GTFP level is at a medium level, the rural industry integration can promote the growth of agricultural GTFP more.
- (3)
- Heterogeneity testing shows that in areas with a higher level of rural industry integration, the growth effect of rural industry integration on agricultural GTFP is more obvious. Moreover, with the continuous improvement of the country’s emphasis on rural industry integration, the promotion effect of rural industry integration becomes more obvious. The moderating effect test showed that health, education and training, migration of rural human capital investment and rural land transfer all strengthened the promoting effect of rural industrial integration on agricultural GTFP growth to varying degrees.
5.2. Policy Implications
- (1)
- All countries in the world, especially the developing countries represented by China, should take the integrated development of rural industries as the path to achieve sustainable development goals in agriculture, and promote the coordinated development of agricultural economy and environment. Countries or regions should fully combine their own agricultural characteristics, take agriculture as the industrial base, modern agricultural operating entities of moderate scale as the core, interest linkage mechanism among related entities as the link, and vertical extension of agricultural industry chain, multifunctional expansion of agriculture, integration of agricultural service industry and cultivation of new agricultural forms as the means. The new industrial development mode featuring the integration of factor resources, mutual penetration of value chain and industrial cross and coordinated development within agriculture and rural secondary and agricultural industries can enhance the integrated development level of rural industries, promoting the progress of agricultural green technology and the improvement of factor allocation efficiency, so as to realize the growth of agricultural GTFP and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
- (2)
- The agricultural GTFP growth effect of rural industry integration mainly lies in the fact that rural industry integration can effectively promote the progress of agricultural green technology and improve the allocation efficiency of agricultural factors. Countries all over the world, especially developing countries, should actively explore the knowledge and technology spillover and sharing mechanism of rural industrial integration on agriculture, promote the development level of agricultural industry and the spillover of knowledge, management and technology of relevant agricultural operating subjects, optimize the allocation of agricultural labor, land, capital, technology and management and other production factors. To improve the overall technological progress and efficiency of agriculture.
- (3)
- In the influence of rural industrial integration on agricultural GTFP, rural human capital investment and increasing land circulation are conducive to further strengthening the growth effect of rural industrial integration on agricultural GTFP. This indicates that countries in the world should enhance the coordination of policies related to rural industrial integration, rural human capital investment and land transfer. While actively promoting the integrated development of rural industries, countries in the world should also increase the investment in rural communication, medical care, education and training, so as to improve the level of rural human capital. This will help rural industry integration to play a better role in promoting agricultural GTFP. In addition, for China, which has a large population and relatively scarce land resources, land fragmentation is obvious. It is necessary to build a fair and orderly land transfer market, transfer limited and scattered land to large farming households and family farms through land transfer, or vigorously develop farmers’ cooperative organizations, so as to improve the appropriate scale, specialization and intensive land management in order to better release the rural industry integration of agricultural GTFP growth effect.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carbon Emission Sources | Carbon Emission Coefficients | Reference Value Sources |
---|---|---|
Pesticides | 4.9341 kg/kg | Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA) (Li et al., 2011 [44]) |
Fertilizer | 0.8956 kg/kg | Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA) [46] |
Diesel | 0.5927 kg/kg | IPCC (Li et al., 2011; Tian et al., 2012 [44,47]) |
Agricultural film | 5.18 kg/kg | Institute of Agricultural Resources and Ecological Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University (TIan et al., 2012 [47]) |
Irrigation | 266.48 kg/hm2 | (Duan et al., 2011 [48]) |
Tillage | 312.6 kg/hm2 | (Wu et al., 2007 [49]) |
First-Order Index | Secondary Index | Method of Measurement | Direction | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural industrial integration development | Agricultural industry chain extension | Proportion of agricultural product processing industries | Main business income of agricultural processing industry/Total agricultural output value | + |
Scale of specialized farmer cooperatives | Number of farmers’ professional cooperatives per 10,000 people in rural areas | + | ||
Multifunctional expansion of agriculture | Proportion of leisure agriculture | Annual business income of leisure agriculture/Total output value of primary industry | + | |
Facility agriculture level | Total area of facility agriculture/Arable land | + | ||
Proportion of rural non-agricultural employment | Number of people employed in secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas/Total number of people employed in rural areas | + | ||
Agricultural services integration | Proportion of agriculture, forestry, husbandry, fishing and service industries | Total output value of agriculture, forestry, husbandry, fishing and service industries/Total output value of primary industry | + | |
Agricultural technology penetration | Degree of agricultural mechanization | Total power of agricultural machinery/Total area of arable land | + | |
Agricultural labor productivity | Total output value of primary industry/Number of employees in primary industry | + |
Variables | Codes | Sample Size | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Maximum Value | Minimum Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green agriculture GTFP | GTFP | 300 | 1.03 | 0.05 | 1.36 | 0.81 |
Rural industrial integration | RII | 300 | 0.46 | 0.17 | 0.76 | 0.19 |
Level of urbanization | URB | 300 | 0.59 | 0.12 | 0.86 | 0.35 |
Level of economic development | GDP | 300 | 2.28 | 1.77 | 0.02 | 8.19 |
Financial support for agriculture | FINA | 300 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 1.95 | 0.01 |
Degree of industrialization | INDU | 300 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.62 | 0.23 |
Degree of openness to the outside world | OPEN | 300 | 0.47 | 0.87 | 9.12 | 0.05 |
Digital inclusive finance | DIF | 300 | 5.16 | 0.67 | 6.03 | 2.91 |
Migratory human capital | MH | 300 | 11.92 | 2.53 | 18.26 | 7.31 |
Education human capital | EH | 300 | 9.14 | 2.47 | 14.9 | 4.22 |
Healthy human capital | HH | 300 | 8.96 | 2.27 | 17.36 | 4.25 |
Land transfer | CIR | 300 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.0006 | 0.75 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.061 (0.24) | 0.092 * (0.73) | 0.076 (0.42) | 0.084 * (0.65) | |
RII | 0.176 ** (1.82) | 0.164 ** (2.31) | 0.216 *** (4.22) | 0.243 ** (5.71) |
URB | 0.152 * (4.55) | 0.137 ** (3.74) | 0.264 *** (5.99) | 0.163 ** (4.01) |
GDP | 0.086 (1.24) | 0.107 (1.88) | 0.091 * (168) | 0.088 (1.29) |
FINA | 0.104 *** (3.57) | 0.0513 *** (2.67) | 0.138 *** (4.33) | 0.176 *** (6.82) |
INDU | 0.072 *** (4.29) | 0.109 ** (5.64) | 0.074 * (4.11) | 0.033 * (2.38) |
OPEN | 0.296 * (6.01) | 0.247 *** (5.22) | 0.281 *** (5.64) | 0.135 *** (4.28) |
DIF | 0.095 * (1.52) | 0.108 ** (2.03) | 0.077 *** (2.48) | 0.058 * (2.87) |
Regional effect | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Time effect | No | No | Yes | Yes |
AR (1) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
AR (2) | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.33 |
Sargan | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.32 |
Obs | 270 | 270 | 270 | 270 |
Explanatory Variable | GTFP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q10 (1) | Q25 (2) | Q50 (3) | Q75 (4) | Q90 (5) | |
RII | 0.089 ** (2.04) | 0.114 ** (2.96) | 0.153 ** (3.47) | 0.108 *** (2.41) | 0.076 * (1.85) |
Regional effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Obs | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 |
Variables | GTC (1) | GEC (2) |
---|---|---|
RII | 0.168 *** (5.49) | 0.083 * (2.63) |
0.297 *** (4.46) | ||
0.352 *** (6.77) | ||
Control variables | Yes | Yes |
Regional effect | Yes | Yes |
Time effect | Yes | Yes |
AR (1) | 0.08 | 0.06 |
AR (2) | 0.25 | 0.34 |
Hansen | 0.39 | 0.26 |
N | 270 | 270 |
Variables | The Level of Rural Industrial Integration | Rural Industrial Integration Policy Concern Degree | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Higher (1) | Lower (2) | 2011–2015 (3) | 2016–2020 (4) | |
0.217 *** (3.69) | 0.085 ** (2.54) | 0.096 *** (3.35) | 0.298 *** (3.83) | |
RII | 0.172 *** (3.77) | 0.067 ** (2.62) | 0.086 * (2.79) | 0.163 *** (4.01) |
Regional effect | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Time effect | No | No | Yes | Yes |
AR (1) | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
AR (2) | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.41 |
Sargan | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
Obs | 135 | 135 | 120 | 135 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.326 *** (3.35) | 0.254 *** (4.26) | 0.238 *** (3.92) | 0.307 *** (5.31) | |
RII | 0.023 (0.95) | 0.032 * (1.94) | 0.104 (1.26) | 0.175 * (2.08) |
MH | 0.057 * (2.46) | |||
0.918 ** (2.56) | ||||
EH | 0.211 ** (3.47) | |||
0.037 ** (3.26) | ||||
HH | 0.663 ** (4.19) | |||
0.028 * (2.58) | ||||
CIR | 0.183 *** (2.25) | |||
0.052 *** (3.79) | ||||
Regional effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
AR (1) | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
AR (2) | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.16 |
Hansen | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.71 | 0.65 |
N | 270 | 270 | 270 | 270 |
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Wang, Y.; Huang, H.; Liu, J.; Ren, J.; Gao, T.; Chen, X. Rural Industrial Integration’s Impact on Agriculture GTFP Growth: Influence Mechanism and Empirical Test Using China as an Example. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053860
Wang Y, Huang H, Liu J, Ren J, Gao T, Chen X. Rural Industrial Integration’s Impact on Agriculture GTFP Growth: Influence Mechanism and Empirical Test Using China as an Example. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053860
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yafei, Huanhuan Huang, Jing Liu, Jin Ren, Tingting Gao, and Xinrui Chen. 2023. "Rural Industrial Integration’s Impact on Agriculture GTFP Growth: Influence Mechanism and Empirical Test Using China as an Example" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053860