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Article

Risk and Protective Factors for Frailty in Pre-Frail and Frail Older Adults

by
Juan Corral-Pérez
1,2,
Laura Ávila-Cabeza-de-Vaca
1,2,
Andrea González-Mariscal
1,2,
Milagrosa Espinar-Toledo
3,
Jesús G. Ponce-González
1,2,
Cristina Casals
1,2,* and
María Ángeles Vázquez-Sánchez
4,5
1
ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain
2
Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
3
Clinical Management Unit, Malaga-Guadalhorce Health District, Rincón de la Victoria, 29730 Malaga, Spain
4
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
5
PASOS Research Group, UMA REDIAS Network of Law and Artificial Intelligence Applied to Health and Biotechnology, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043123
Submission received: 30 January 2023 / Revised: 7 February 2023 / Accepted: 8 February 2023 / Published: 10 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frailty in the Elderly: Issues and Challenges)
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Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the differences in body composition, physical function, and physical activity between pre-frail/frail older adults and to detect risk and protective factors against frailty and physical frailty. Fried’s criteria for frailty and physical frailty using the short-performance physical battery (SPPB) were measured in 179 older participants (75.3 ± 6.4 years old). Body weight, height, and waist, arm, and leg circumferences were obtained as body composition variables. Daily accelerometer outcomes (physical activity and inactivity) were obtained. Pre-frail participants showed overall better physical function and spent more time in physical activity and less time in long inactivity periods than frail participants (p < 0.05). Risk frailty factors were higher waist perimeter (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.032, 95%CI: 1.003–1.062), low leg performance (OR: 1.025, 95%CI: 1.008–1.043), and inactivity periods longer than 30 min (OR:1.002, 95%CI: 1.000–1.005). Protective factors were standing balance (OR:0.908, 95%CI: 0.831–0.992) and SPPB score (OR: 0.908, 95%CI: 0.831–0.992) for frailty, handgrip strength (OR: 0.902, 95%CI: 0.844–0.964) for physical frailty, and light (OR: 0.986, 95%CI: 0.976–0.996) and moderate-to-vigorous (OR: 0.983, 95%CI: 0.972–0.996) physical activity for both. Our findings suggest that handgrip strength, balance, and physical activity are protective frailty factors and can be monitored in pre-frail older adults. Moreover, poor lower body performance and long inactivity periods are frailty risk factors, which highlights their importance in frailty assessment.
Keywords: physical function; physical activity; accelerometry; dependency; strength; ageing physical function; physical activity; accelerometry; dependency; strength; ageing

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Corral-Pérez, J.; Ávila-Cabeza-de-Vaca, L.; González-Mariscal, A.; Espinar-Toledo, M.; Ponce-González, J.G.; Casals, C.; Vázquez-Sánchez, M.Á. Risk and Protective Factors for Frailty in Pre-Frail and Frail Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043123

AMA Style

Corral-Pérez J, Ávila-Cabeza-de-Vaca L, González-Mariscal A, Espinar-Toledo M, Ponce-González JG, Casals C, Vázquez-Sánchez MÁ. Risk and Protective Factors for Frailty in Pre-Frail and Frail Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043123

Chicago/Turabian Style

Corral-Pérez, Juan, Laura Ávila-Cabeza-de-Vaca, Andrea González-Mariscal, Milagrosa Espinar-Toledo, Jesús G. Ponce-González, Cristina Casals, and María Ángeles Vázquez-Sánchez. 2023. "Risk and Protective Factors for Frailty in Pre-Frail and Frail Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043123

APA Style

Corral-Pérez, J., Ávila-Cabeza-de-Vaca, L., González-Mariscal, A., Espinar-Toledo, M., Ponce-González, J. G., Casals, C., & Vázquez-Sánchez, M. Á. (2023). Risk and Protective Factors for Frailty in Pre-Frail and Frail Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043123

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