Structural Model for Socially Sustainable Public Housing Decision-Making in Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Social Sustainability in Public Housing
2.2. Social Assessment Criteria for Housing
3. Theoretical Model and Hypothesis
3.1. Theoretical Model
3.2. Research Hypothesis
- R1. Connectivity and access/Improvement in family economic availability.
- R2. Spaces for family development/Improvement in family economic availability.
- R3. Spaces for family development/Motivation to invest in family property.
- R4. Direction of the Housing Committee/Motivation to invest in family property.
- R5. Community Health and Safety/Connectivity and access.
- R6. Direction of the Housing Committee/Consideration of public opinion.
- R7. Community health and safety/Functional integration in the neighborhood.
- R8. Consideration of public opinion/Functional integration in the neighborhood.
- R9. Functional integration in the neighborhood / Social identity and culture.
- R10. Integration of the design in the context/Social identity and culture.
- R11. Community health and safety/Integration of design in the context.
- R12. Consideration of public opinion/Integration of the design in the context.
4. Research Method
4.1. Structural Equations Models
4.2. Questionnaire
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Social Criterion | Description |
---|---|
Family economic availability | Aspects that imply a change in the family income. For example, elimination of rent, transportation expenses, energy saving, among others. |
Motivation to invest in family property | Incentive for families to have their own house and to invest in it. |
Space for family development | Suitable dimensions of the space of a house, such that the family members can undertake their activities appropriately. |
Direction of the Housing Committee | This refers to the management of the committee directors (community leaders) that promotes action to access public housing subsidies. It is focused on the union of the organized group that constitutes social capital. |
Connectivity and access | Access to the different types of basic services that enable an optimal quality of life (includes access to schools, health centers, safety, public transport, leisure infrastructure, among others). |
Community health and safety | Every aspect that contributes to health and safety in the neighborhood. For example, garbage treatment plans, capacity of emergency services close to the neighborhood, among others. |
Functional integration in the neighborhood | The capacity and diversity of urban infrastructure to enable entertainment, cultural–social development and the inclusion of physically challenged people in the neighborhood. |
Consideration of public opinion | This refers to all the opinions of the families in the application process, planning and selection of the type of house. Projects prepared participatively are considered. |
Social identity and culture | This refers to promoting cultural relevance in the neighborhood according to the social and cultural diversity of the families, and the presence and valuation of the historical or natural heritage. |
Integration of the design in the context | This refers to the harmonic design of a project, so that it does not disturb the landscape or is adapted to the wider context in which it is located. |
Type | Characteristic | Quantity | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Academic level | Technical | 7 | 4% |
University | 144 | 76% | |
Graduate studies | 37 | 20% | |
Professional | Construction engineer | 58 | 31% |
Social worker | 37 | 20% | |
Architect | 42 | 22% | |
Others | 50 | 27% | |
Work Experience | 1 to 2 years | 26 | 14% |
3 to 10 years | 86 | 46% | |
11 to 15 years | 36 | 19% | |
More than 15 years | 39 | 21% | |
Institution | (Consultant) Technical assistance entity | 76 | 40% |
SERVIU 1 | 39 | 21% | |
MINVU 2 | 3 | 2% | |
Builder | 13 | 7% | |
Municipal | 10 | 5% | |
Others | 47 | 25% |
Criterion | Indicator | Factor Loading | Cronbach | AVE | CR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | Frequency of public transport. | 0.66 | 0.746 | 0.57 | 0.84 |
Distance to public and retail services. | 0.81 | ||||
Capacity of adjacent services (health clinic, schools, police). | 0.82 | ||||
Accessibility for ecological modes of transport (walking, cycling, etc.). | 0.72 | ||||
C2 | Saving through good connectivity and transport offering. | 0.68 | 0.601 | 0.56 | 0.79 |
Saving in heating. | 0.79 | ||||
Saving by leasing or dividend. | 0.77 | ||||
C3 | Distribution of a more customized space. | 0.71 | 0.630 | 0.52 | 0.76 |
Heating. | 0.71 | ||||
Outside noise. | 0.74 | ||||
C4 | Existence and influence of an organizing committee. | 0.87 | 0.747 | 0.68 | 0.86 |
Committee promotes the enhancement of family property. | 0.89 | ||||
Complementary subsidy stimulates family property. | 0.64 | ||||
C5 | Number of activities by the committee. | 0.86 | 0.753 | 0.66 | 0.85 |
Tenure of community leaders. | 0.88 | ||||
Percentage of support to the community leaders. | 0.69 | ||||
C6 | Community space equipment (lighting, benches, etc.). | 0.68 | 0.646 | 0.49 | 0.79 |
Absence of uncultivated (not equipped) spaces in the environment. | 0.70 | ||||
Access to emergency services (health centers, police, etc.). | 0.72 | ||||
Geographic security of the location. | 0.69 | ||||
C7 | Diversity of equipment (benches, sports equipment, etc.). | 0.87 | 0.710 | 0.63 | 0.84 |
Capacity of equipment. | 0.88 | ||||
Universal accessibility design. | 0.61 | ||||
C8 | The selection of attributes of the committee’s family diagnosis record. | 0.80 | 0.770 | 0.68 | 0.86 |
Free opinion of the committee members. | 0.87 | ||||
The percentage of committee agreement. | 0.80 | ||||
C9 | Diversity and culture. | 0.89 | 0.800 | 0.72 | 0.88 |
Contextual historical and cultural heritage. | 0.82 | ||||
Diversity and empathy. | 0.83 | ||||
C10 | Participatory design. | 0.75 | 0.727 | 0.57 | 0.84 |
Harmony of design by policy conditions. | 0.74 | ||||
Design harmony through environmental disturbance study. | 0.81 | ||||
Design harmony through architecture of the project. | 0.72 |
Goodness-of-Fit Statistics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
RMSEA | 0.066 | 0.066 | 0.065 |
PNFI | 0.613 | 0.614 | 0.639 |
IFI | 0.818 | 0.819 | 0.846 |
CFI | 0.814 | 0.815 | 0.843 |
Degrees of freedom | 483 | 484 | 394 |
Chi-squared | 879.750 | 879.888 | 700.270 |
Relation | Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (t-Statistic) | p | Estimate (t-Statistic) | p | Estimate (t-Statistic) | p | ||||
R1 | Connectivity and access (C1) | / | Improvement family economic availability (C2) | 0.475 (4.66) | *** | 0.476 (4.66) | *** | 0.346 (3.73) | *** |
R2 | Improvement family economic availability (C2) | / | Spaces for family development (C3) | 0.951 (4.77) | *** | 0.951 (4.77) | *** | - | - |
R3 | Spaces for family development (C3) | / | Motivation to invest in family property (C4) | 0.435 (3.04) | 0.002 | 0.435 (3.04) | 0.002 | - | - |
R4 | Direction of the Housing Committee (C5) | / | Motivation to invest in family property (C4) | 0.264 (4.33) | *** | 0.264 (4.33) | *** | 0.366 (5.56) | *** |
R5 | Community health and safety (C6) | / | Connectivity and access (C1) | 0.531 (4.07) | *** | 0.531 (4.07) | *** | 0.443 (3.62) | *** |
R6 | Consideration of public opinion (C8) | / | Direction of the Housing Committee (C5) | 0.937 (6.27) | *** | 0.939 (6.28) | *** | 0.969 (6.45) | *** |
R7 | Community health and safety (C6) | / | Functional integration in the neighborhood (C7) | 0.690 (5.14) | *** | 0.692 (5.15) | *** | 0.671 (5.06) | *** |
R8 | Consideration of public opinion (C8) | / | Integration of the design in the context (C10) | 0.420 (4.55) | *** | 0.420 (4.55) | *** | 0.442 (4.72) | *** |
R9 | Functional integration in the neighborhood (C7) | / | Social identity and culture (C9) | 0.033 (0.40) | 0.686 | - | - | - | - |
R10 | Integration of the design in the context (C10) | / | Social identity and culture (C9) | 0.875 (5.45) | *** | 0.909 (5.92) | *** | 0.875 (5.48) | *** |
R11 | Community health and safety (C6) | / | Integration of the design in the context (C10) | 0.258 (2.97) | 0.003 | 0.265 (3.13) | 0.002 | 0.235 (2.79) | 0.005 |
R12 | Consideration of public opinion (C8) | / | Integration of the design in the context (C10) | 0.685 (5.58) | *** | 0.684 (5.58) | *** | 0.701 (5.63) | *** |
R13 | Improvement family economic availability (C2) | / | Motivation to invest in family property (C4) | - | - | - | - | 0.305 (3.88) | *** |
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Sierra, L.; Lizana, M.; Pino, C.; Ilaya-Ayza, A.; Neculman, B. Structural Model for Socially Sustainable Public Housing Decision-Making in Chile. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032543
Sierra L, Lizana M, Pino C, Ilaya-Ayza A, Neculman B. Structural Model for Socially Sustainable Public Housing Decision-Making in Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032543
Chicago/Turabian StyleSierra, Leonardo, Maximiliano Lizana, Catalina Pino, Amilkar Ilaya-Ayza, and Briguitte Neculman. 2023. "Structural Model for Socially Sustainable Public Housing Decision-Making in Chile" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032543