The Effect of the Distance from a Path on Abiotic Conditions and Vascular Plant Species in the Undergrowth of Urban Forests and Parks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Plot Sampling Design
2.3. Measurement of Abiotic Traits within the Plots
2.4. Measurement of Vegetation Cover within the Plots
- “+”—species covers less than 1% of the plot area,
- “1”—species covers 1–5% of the plot area,
- “2”—species covers 6–25% of the plot area,
- “3”—species covers 26–50% of the plot area,
- “4”—species covers 51–75% of the plot area,
- “5”—species covers 76–100% of the plot area,
2.5. Selection of Ecological Traits of the Species
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Light Intensity and Soil Conditions
3.2. Vegetation Cover Traits and Number of Species
3.3. Ecological Characteristics of Species
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Distance from the Path on Abiotic Conditions
4.2. The Effect of Distance from the Path on Vegetation Cover and Number of Species
4.3. The Effect of Distance from the Path on Ecological Diversity and Abundance of Species
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Taxon (Speciesorgenus) | Presence or Absencein Plots | Life Form | Dispersalmode | Habitat Affiliation | Origin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forests | Parks | |||||||
CL | FU | CL | FU | |||||
Acer platanoides L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | PH | Epilobium | Forest | Native |
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | PH | Epilobium | Forest | Native |
Acer saccharinum L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | PH | Epilobium | Ruderal | Alien |
Achillea millefolium L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Actaea spicata L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | H | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Aegopodium podagraria L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Agrimonia eupatoria L. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Bidens | Grassland | Native |
Agrostis capillaris L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Ajuga reptans L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Alchemilla micans Buser | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara& Grande | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Epilobium | Forest | Native |
Anemone nemorosa L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | G | Allium | Forest | Native |
Arctium tomentosum Mill. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | H | Bidens | Ruderal | Native |
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | T | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Presl& C. Presl | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Asarum europaeum L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Asperula odorata L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Bidens | Forest | Native |
Atriplex patula L. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dumort. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Bellis perennis L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Berteroa incana (L.) DC. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | T | Allium | Ruderal | ? |
Bidens frondosa L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | T | Bidens | Ruderal | Alien * |
Bromus hordeaceus L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | T | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Bromus sterilis L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | G | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Carex brizoides L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | G | Allium | Forest | Native |
Carex hirta L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | G | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Carex ovalis Good. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Carex remota L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Sparganium | Forest | Native |
Carex sp. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Carex spicata Huds. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Carex sylvatica Huds. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Carpinus betulus L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | PH | Epilobium | Forest | Native |
Cerastium arvense L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | CH | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Cerastium holosteoides Fr. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | CH | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Cerasus avium (L.) Moench | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Chaerophyllum aromaticum L. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Chaerophyllum temulum L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Chelidonium majus L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Circaea lutetiana L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | G | Bidens | Forest | Native |
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Epilobium | Ruderal | ? |
Convallaria majalis L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | G | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Convolvulus arvensis L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | G | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Conyza canadensis(L.) Cronquist | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | T | Epilobium | Ruderal | Alien * |
Cornus sanguinea L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | PH | Cornus | Grassland | Native |
Coronilla varia L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Corylus avellana L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Crataegus sp. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Crepis biennis L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Epilobium | Meadow | Native |
Dactylis glomerata L. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | nd | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Dryopteris sp. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Lycopodium | Forest | Native |
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Cornus | Ruderal | Alien |
Echium vulgare L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Elymus repens (L.) Gould | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | G | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Epilobium montanum L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Epilobium | Ruderal | Native |
Equisetum arvense L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | G | Lycopodium | Ruderal | Native |
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Epilobium | Ruderal | Alien * |
Euonymus europaeus L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Euonymus verrucosus Scop. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Euphorbia cyparissias L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | G | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Euphorbia peplus L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Fagus sylvatica L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Å. Löve | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Festuca rubra L. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Fragaria viridis (Duchesne) Weston | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Cornus | Grassland | Native |
Fraxinus excelsior L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | PH | Epilobium | Forest | Native |
Galeobdolon luteum Huds. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | CH | Allium | Forest | Native |
Galeopsis tetrahit L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S. F. Blake | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | T | Epilobium | Ruderal | Alien * |
Galium aparine L. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | T | Bidens | Ruderal | Native |
Galium mollugo L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Bidens | Forest | Native |
Geranium phaeum L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Geranium pratense L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Geranium pusillum Burm. F. ex L | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Geranium robertianum L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Geum urbanum L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Bidens | Ruderal | Native |
Glechoma hederacea L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Hedera helix L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Heracleum sphondylium L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Hieracium pilosella L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Epilobium | Grassland | Native |
Holcus lanatus L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Humulus lupulus L. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Impatiens glandulifera Royle | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien * |
Impatiens parviflora DC. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien * |
Juglans regia L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Ruderal | Alien * |
Juncus bufonius L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | T | Sparganium | Ruderal | Native |
Juncus tenuis Willd. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Allium | Meadow | Alien * |
Lactuca serriola L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Epilobium | Ruderal | Alien |
Lamium album L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Lamium purpureum L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Lapsana communis L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | G | Allium | Forest | Native |
Leontodon autumnalis L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Epilobium | Meadow | Native |
Leontodon hispidus L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Epilobium | Meadow | Native |
Ligustrum vulgare L. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Grassland | ? |
Lolium perenne L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Lonicera xylosteum L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Lysimachia nummularia L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Lysimachia vulgaris L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | G | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | G | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Medicago lupulina L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Medicago falcata L | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Melica nutans L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Mentha sp. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Mercurialis perennis L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | G | Allium | Forest | Native |
Milium effusum L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Oxalis acetosella L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | G | Allium | Forest | Native |
Oxalis fontana Bunge | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | G | Allium | Ruderal | Alien * |
Padus avium Mill. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Alien * |
Paris quadrifolia L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | G | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Plantago lanceolata L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Plantago major L. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Poa annua L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Poa nemoralis L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Poa pratensis L. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Poa trivialis L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | G | Cornus | Meadow | Native |
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | G | Cornus | Grassland | Native |
Polygonum aviculare L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Polygonum lapathifolium L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | T | Sparganium | Ruderal | Native |
Potentilla anserina L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Potentilla arenaria P. Gaertn., B. Mey. &Scherb | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Potentilla argentea L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Potentilla reptans L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Prunella vulgaris L. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Prunus domestica L. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | PH | Cornus | Ruderal | Alien |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | G | Lycopodium | Forest | Native |
Pulmonaria obscura Dumort. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Quercus robur L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Quercus rubra L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Alien * |
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Ranunculus acris L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Ranunculus lanuginosus L. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Ranunculus repens L. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Ribes uva-crispa L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Robinia pseudoacacia L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | PH | Allium | Forest | Alien * |
Rubus caesius L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | PH | Cornus | Ruderal | Native |
Rubus idaeus L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Ruderal | Native |
Rubus sp. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Rumex obtusifolius L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Allium | Meadow | ? |
Sagina procumbens L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | CH | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Sambucus nigra L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | PH | Cornus | Ruderal | Native |
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | T | Bidens | Ruderal | Alien * |
Silene nutans L. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Solidago canadensis L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Epilobium | Ruderal | Alien * |
Solidago gigantea Aiton | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | H | Epilobium | Ruderal | Alien * |
Sorbus aucuparia L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | PH | Cornus | Forest | Native |
Stachys sylvatica L. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Stellaria graminea L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Stellaria holostea L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | CH | Allium | Forest | Native |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Symphytum tuberosum L. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wiggers | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Epilobium | Meadow | Native |
Thymus serpyllum L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | CH | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Tilia cordata Mill. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | PH | Epilobium | Forest | Native |
Tilia sp. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | PH | nd | nd | nd |
Trifolium pratense L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Trifolium repens L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Meadow | Native |
Tussilago farfara L. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | H | Epilobium | Ruderal | Native |
Ulmus laevis Pall. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | PH | Epilobium | Forest | Native |
Ulmus minor Mill. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | PH | Epilobium | Forest | Native |
Urtica dioica L. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Veronica arvensis L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Veronica chamaedrys L | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Grassland | Native |
Veronica serpyllifolia L. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | Native |
Viciatetrasperma (L.) Schreb. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | T | Allium | Ruderal | Alien |
Viola odorata L. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | H | Allium | Ruderal | ? |
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | H | Allium | Forest | Native |
Viola sp. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
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Name of Study Site | Code | GPS Coordinates | Altitude (m a.s.l.) | Width of the Path (cm) | Surface of the Path |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Łęgowski Forest | F1 | N50°03.390′ E20°01.814′ | 203 | 220 | Natural |
Mogilski Forest | F2 | N50°03.233′ E20°03.341′ | 210 | 260 | Anthropogenic (asphalt) |
Wolski Forest | F3 | N50°03.327′ E19°51.468′ | 331 | 190 | Natural |
Forest in Sikornik Hill | F4 | N50°03.509′ E19°53.236′ | 258 | 130 | Natural |
Forest in Górka Pychowicka | F5 | N50°01.903′ E19°52.977′ | 240 | 230 | Natural |
Tyniec Forest | F6 | N50°00.633′ E19°49.712′ | 277 | 250 | Natural |
Forest in Skotniki | F7 | N50°01.251′ E19°51.120′ | 209 | 220 | Anthropogenic (gravel) |
RżąckiForest | F8 | N50°00.342′ E19°59.797′ | 266 | 100 | Natural |
Borkowski Forest | F9 | N50°00.608′ E19°54.795′ | 260 | 300 | Anthropogenic (gravel) |
Witkowice Forest | F10 | N50°06.471′ E19°57.001′ | 249 | 100 | Natural |
PolishAviator’s Park | P1 | N50°04.377′ E19°59.441′ | 223 | 160 | Anthropogenic (asphalt) |
Dąbie Park | P2 | N50°03.608′ E19°59.055′ | 206 | 220 | Natural |
Decius Park | P3 | N50°03.855′ E19°52.384′ | 219 | 260 | Anthropogenic (asphalt) |
Twardowski Rocks Park | P4 | N50°02.366′ E19°54.154′ | 220 | 300 | Anthropogenic (asphalt) |
StanisławWyspiański’sPark | P5 | N50°05.144′ E19°55.245′ | 235 | 310 | Anthropogenic (asphalt) |
Henryk Jordan’s Park | P6 | N50°03.864′ E19°55.087′ | 206 | 230 | Anthropogenic (asphalt) |
Kleparski Park | P7 | N50°04.572′ E19°56.310′ | 226 | 310 | Natural |
Aleksandra’s Park | P8 | N50°00.827′ E20°00.828′ | 243 | 160 | Anthropogenic (gravel) |
Solvay Park | P9 | N50°00.905′ E19°55.591′ | 273 | 180 | Natural |
Wojciech Bednarski’s Park | P10 | N50°02.548′ E19°57.000′ | 218 | 370 | Anthropogenic (asphalt) |
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Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, K.; Gmyrek, K.; Pliszko, A. The Effect of the Distance from a Path on Abiotic Conditions and Vascular Plant Species in the Undergrowth of Urban Forests and Parks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095621
Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt K, Gmyrek K, Pliszko A. The Effect of the Distance from a Path on Abiotic Conditions and Vascular Plant Species in the Undergrowth of Urban Forests and Parks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095621
Chicago/Turabian StyleKostrakiewicz-Gierałt, Kinga, Katarzyna Gmyrek, and Artur Pliszko. 2022. "The Effect of the Distance from a Path on Abiotic Conditions and Vascular Plant Species in the Undergrowth of Urban Forests and Parks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095621
APA StyleKostrakiewicz-Gierałt, K., Gmyrek, K., & Pliszko, A. (2022). The Effect of the Distance from a Path on Abiotic Conditions and Vascular Plant Species in the Undergrowth of Urban Forests and Parks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095621