Cadmium Body Burden and Inflammatory Arthritis: A Pilot Study in Patients from Lower Silesia, Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Determination of Blood Cadmium Content
2.4. Haematological and Biochemical Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Demographic Characteristics and Laboratory Parameters
3.2. Correlations between Blood Cadmium Concentrations and Basic Characteristics
3.3. Logistic Regression Model
3.4. Relationship between Disease Severity and Demographic Characteristics, Laboratory Parameters, and Cadmium Body Burden
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
AS | ankylosing spondylitis |
AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
Cd-B | blood cadmium concentration |
CI | confidence interval |
COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
CRE | creatinine |
ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
HCT | haematocrit |
hs-CRP | high-sensitivity C-reactive protein |
IA | inflammatory arthritis |
IL-10 | interleukin 10 |
MCH | mean corpuscular haemoglobin |
MCHC | mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration |
MCV | mean corpuscular volume |
n.s. | not statistically significant |
OR | odds ratio |
PLT | platelets |
PsA | psoriatic arthritis |
RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
RBC | red blood cells |
WBC | white blood cells |
8-OHdG | 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine |
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Characteristics | IA Patients (RA, PsA, AS) n = 51 | Controls n = 46 | Overall n = 97 | p1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean ± SD | 48.1 ± 13.8 | 47.5 ± 13.7 | 47.8 ± 13.6 | n.s. |
Gender male, n (%) | 30 (58.8%) | 28 (60.9%) | 58 (59.8%) | n.s. |
Place of residence | ||||
Big city, n (%) | 24 (47.1%) | 29 (64.4%) | 53 (55.2%) | n.s. |
Education level | ||||
Higher, n (%) | 26 (51%) | 23 (51%) | 49 (51%) | n.s. |
Potential sources of cadmium | ||||
Exposure to low-pollutant emissions (burning coal and rubbish in domestic furnaces, living/working in a heavy-traffic zone), n (%) | 45 (88.2%) | 33 (71.7%) | 78 (80.4%) | n.s. |
Diet | ||||
Frequent consumption of offal (≥once a week), | ||||
n (%) | 25 (49%) | 11 (24%) | 36 (37.5%) | 0.0085 |
Frequent consumption of legumes | ||||
(≥once a week) n (%) | 25 (49%) | 19 (41.3%) | 44 (45.4%) | n.s. |
Using colour cosmetics (lipstick, powder, eye shadows), n (% of females) | 16 (76.2%) | 9 (50%) | 25 (64.1%) | n.s. |
Smoking status | n.s. | |||
Never smoked, n (%) | 33 (64.7%) | 24(53.3%) | 57 (59.4%) | |
Former smoker, n (%) | 11 (21.6%) | 14 (31.1%) | 25 (26.0%) | |
Current smoker, n (%) | 7 (13.7%) | 7 (15.6%) | 14 (14.6%) | |
Passive smoker, n (%) | 15 (29.4%) | 12 (26.7%) | 27 (28.1%) | n.s. |
Occupational exposure to Cd, n (%) | 8 (15.7%) | 4 (8.7%) | 12 (12.4%) | n.s. |
Disease duration (years), mean ± SD | 4.5 ± 6.6 | |||
Disease, n (%) | ||||
RA | 21 (41.2%) | |||
AS | 17 (33.3%) | |||
PsA | 13 (25.5%) | |||
Disease activity | ||||
Remission, n (%) | 20 (39.2%) | |||
Exacerbation of disease symptoms, n (%) | 31 (68.0%) | |||
Low | 13 (25.5%) | |||
Moderate | 5 (5.0%) | |||
High | 13 (25.5%) | |||
Blood cadmium concentration | ||||
Mean ± SD (μg/L) | 0.67 ± 0.51 | 0.40 ± 0.47 | 0.543 ± 0.48 | 0.00003 |
Geometric mean (μg/L) | 0.532 | 0.258 | 0.373 | |
Range (min–max) (μg/L) | (0.13–2.16) | (0.00–2.15) | (0.00–2.16) |
Parameters | IA Patients (RA, PsA, AS) n = 51 | Controls n = 46 | Overall n = 97 | p1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
WBC (×103/μL) | 7.74 ± 2.28 | 6.19 ± 1.52 | 7.01 ± 2.1 | 0.0003 |
Lymphocytes (×103/μL) | 1.93 ± 0.69 | 2.01 ± 0.63 | 1.97 ± 0.66 | n.s. |
Neutrophils (×103/μL) | 4.90 ± 2.22 | 3.39 ± 1.11 | 4.19 ± 1.93 | 0.0001 |
Monocytes (×103/μL) | 0.67 ± 0.22 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.63 ± 0.37 | 0.001 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.75 ± 1.68 | 15.02 ± 1.45 | 14.34 ± 1.69 | 0.0001 |
RBC (×103/μL) | 4.67 ± 0.49 | 4.92 ± 0.48 | 4.79 ± 0.50 | 0.01 |
HCT (%) | 40.37 ± 7.45 | 43.95 ± 3.92 | 41.73 ± 6.55 | 0.0006 |
MCV (fL) | 89.29 ± 4.95 | 90.32 ± 4.69 | 89.98 ± 4.83 | n.s. |
MCH (pg) | 29.56 ± 2.26 | 30.50 ± 1.54 | 30.00 ± 2.00 | 0.02 |
MCHC (g/dL) | 32.70 ± 1.25 | 33.74 ± 0.93 | 33.10 ± 1.24 | 0.0004 |
PLT (×103/μL) | 287.8 ± 98.3 | 247.2 ± 63.7 | 273.2 ± 95.4 | n.s. |
AST (U/L) | 26.75 ± 11.24 | 25.59 ± 7.61 | 26.31 ± 9.97 | n.s. |
ALT (U/L) | 29.45 ± 22.73 | 27.81 ± 14.63 | 28.83 ± 19.94 | n.s |
CRE (mg/dL) | 0.93 ± 0.19 | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.17 | 0.03 |
ESR (mm/h) | 16.8 ± 19.6 | 8.07 ± 7.7 | 12.7 ± 15.8 | 0.005 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 11.03 ± 26.8 | 2.30 ± 3.6 | 7.00 ± 20.2 | 0.005 |
COX-2 (ng/mL) | 18.46 ± 11.8 | 9.90 ± 11.91 | 14.36 ± 12.57 | 0.00005 |
8-OHdG (ng/mL) | 12.02 ± 12.6 | 7.03 ± 3.2 | 9.8 ± 9.8 | n.s. |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 69.87 ± 52.90 | 19.49 ± 20.4 | 45.72 ± 47.76 | 0.000001 |
Age (Years) | Level of Education | Current Smoking | Smoking in the Past | Passive Smoking | Living in a Heavy-Traffic Zone | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd-B | r = 0.25 * | r = –0.20 * | r = 0.46 ** | r = 0.36 ** | r = 0.29 ** | r = 0.32 ** |
ESR | hs-CRP | MCHC | COX-2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd-B | r = 0.27 ** | r = 0.24 * | r = –0.34 ** | r = 0.30 ** |
Estimate (B) | p | Wald chi2 | Wald p | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd-B (quartile intervals) | 0.646 | 0.001 | 11.17 | 0.0008 | 1.9 | 1.3–2.8 |
Variables | Estimate (B) | p | Wald chi2 | Wald p | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant (B0) | 9.90 | 0.046 | 4.08 | 0.043 | 1.99 × 104 | 1.2–3.4 × 108 |
Cd-B ≥ 0.65 μg/L (≥upper quartile) | 1.49 | 0.040 | 4.32 | 0.038 | 4.4 | 1.1–18.4 |
8-OHdG ≥ 7.66 ng/mL (≥median) | 2.36 | 0.001 | 12.05 | 0.001 | 10.6 | 2.7–40.7 |
COX-2 ≥ 22.9 ng/mL (≥upper quartile) | 1.76 | 0.016 | 6.01 | 0.014 | 5.8 | 1.4–24.2 |
MCH (pg) | –0.39 | 0.022 | 5.47 | 0.019 | 0.7 | 0.5–0.9 |
Frequent consumption of offal (≥once a week) | 1.29 | 0.025 | 5.19 | 0.023 | 3.6 | 1.2–11.1 |
Parameters | Disease Severity Rating Scale |
---|---|
Gender (female) | r = 0.19 *, p = 0.045 |
Level of education (higher) | r = 0.27 **, p = 0.004 |
ESR | r = 0.39 **, p = 0.00005 |
ESR (norm–0, above the norm–1) | r = 0.27 **, p = 0.006 |
hs-CRP | r = 0.30 **, p = 0.002 |
hs-CRP (norm–0, above the norm–1) | r = 0.38 **, p = 0.00009 |
HB | r = −0.19 *, p = 0.044 |
HCT | r = −0.20 *, p = 0.036 |
PLT | r = 0.23 *, p = 0.015 |
MCV | r = −0.20 *, p = 0.039 |
MCH | r = −0.22 *, p = 0.019 |
MCHC | r = −0.30 **, p = 0.002 |
Creatinine | r = −0.27 **, p = 0.005 |
Disease duration (years) | r = −0.21 *, p = 0.044 |
IL-10 | r = −0.51 **, p = 0.0000 |
8-OHdG ≥ 10.1 ng/mL (≥upper quartile–1) | r = 0.31 *, p = 0.015 |
Cd-B ≥ 0.65 μg/L (≥upper quartile–1) | r = 0.23 *, p = 0.016 |
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Markiewicz-Górka, I.; Chowaniec, M.; Martynowicz, H.; Wojakowska, A.; Jaremków, A.; Mazur, G.; Wiland, P.; Pawlas, K.; Poręba, R.; Gać, P. Cadmium Body Burden and Inflammatory Arthritis: A Pilot Study in Patients from Lower Silesia, Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053099
Markiewicz-Górka I, Chowaniec M, Martynowicz H, Wojakowska A, Jaremków A, Mazur G, Wiland P, Pawlas K, Poręba R, Gać P. Cadmium Body Burden and Inflammatory Arthritis: A Pilot Study in Patients from Lower Silesia, Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053099
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkiewicz-Górka, Iwona, Małgorzata Chowaniec, Helena Martynowicz, Anna Wojakowska, Aleksandra Jaremków, Grzegorz Mazur, Piotr Wiland, Krystyna Pawlas, Rafał Poręba, and Paweł Gać. 2022. "Cadmium Body Burden and Inflammatory Arthritis: A Pilot Study in Patients from Lower Silesia, Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053099