Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Size, Collection, and Preservation
2.3. Identification of Male Ticks
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Tick Prevalence on Livestock
3.2. Geographic and Seasonal Tick Prevalence
3.3. Tick Species Identification
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hosts | Non-Infested | Tick-Infested | Total | Prevalence (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Buffalo | 58 | 31 | 89 | 34.83 |
Cattle | 534 | 791 | 1325 | 59.69 |
Goat | 286 | 253 | 539 | 46.93 |
Sheep | 61 | 66 | 127 | 51.96 |
Chi-square test (p-value) | 41 (0.001 *) |
Hosts | Breeds | Non-Infested | Tick-Infested | Total | Prevalence (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cattle | Australian | 12 | 54 | 66 | 81.81 |
Cross breed | 39 | 97 | 136 | 71.32 | |
Dhanni | 1 | 78 | 79 | 98.73 | |
Freisian | 181 | 217 | 398 | 54.52 | |
Sahiwal | 284 | 338 | 622 | 54.34 | |
Jersey | 7 | 17 | 24 | 70.84 | |
Chi-square test (p-value) | 65.8 (0.001 *) | ||||
Buffalo | Neeli Ravi | 42 | 28 | 70 | 40 |
Ravi | 16 | 3 | 19 | 15.78 | |
Chi-square test (p-value) | 3.86 (0.049 *) | ||||
Sheep | Pure Kajla | 61 | 66 | 127 | 51.96 |
Goats | Rajanpuri | 34 | 26 | 60 | 43.34 |
Beetal | 58 | 78 | 136 | 57.35 | |
Desi Teddy | 109 | 76 | 185 | 41.08 | |
Lal puri | 95 | 63 | 158 | 39.87 | |
Chi-square test (p-value) | 18.5 (0.001 *) |
Host | S | Up to 6 Months | 6 Month–1 Year | 1–3 Years | 4–6 Years | 7–14 Years | N% | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ | − | N | % | + | − | N | % | + | − | N | % | + | -ve | N | % | + | − | N | % | |||
Buffalo | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 16 | 22 | 27.27 | 9 | 8 | 17 | 52.94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38.46 |
F | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 20 | 14 | 25 | 39 | 35.89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32.65 | |
% | 0 | 25 | 41.07 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
Goats | M | 35 | 39 | 74 | 47.29 | 77 | 99 | 176 | 41.2 | 36 | 45 | 81 | 44.44 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 85.71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45.56 |
F | 14 | 32 | 46 | 30.43 | 31 | 51 | 82 | 37.8 | 40 | 18 | 58 | 68.96 | 12 | 1 | 13 | 92.3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 48.25 | |
% | 40.83 | 41.86 | 54.67 | 90 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
Cattle | M | 3 | 7 | 10 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 75 | 46.66 | 485 | 321 | 806 | 60.17 | 17 | 7 | 24 | 70.83 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 59.06 |
F | 3 | 2 | 5 | 60 | 9 | 11 | 20 | 45 | 217 | 129 | 346 | 62.71 | 21 | 16 | 37 | 56.75 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 61.12 | |
% | 40 | 46.31 | 60.93 | 62.29 | 50 | |||||||||||||||||
Sheep | M | 25 | 28 | 53 | 47.16 | 9 | 7 | 16 | 56.25 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 49.31 |
F | 13 | 17 | 30 | 43.33 | 16 | 6 | 22 | 72.72 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55.56 | |
% | 45.78 | 65.78 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Area | Latitude N | Longitude E | Non-Infested | Tick Infested | Total | Prevalence (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bhakkar | 31.6082 | 71.0854 | 8 | 14 | 22 | 63.63 |
Chakwal | 32.9172 | 72.4081 | 14 | 106 | 120 | 88.34 |
Dera Ghazi Khan | 30.0489 | 70.6455 | 26 | 16 | 42 | 38.09 |
Fateh Jang | 33.5673 | 72.6506 | 32 | 35 | 67 | 52.23 |
Gujranwala | 32.1877 | 74.1945 | 4 | 15 | 19 | 78.94 |
Gujrat | 32.5295 | 73.9771 | 36 | 26 | 62 | 41.93 |
Hafizabad | 32.2623 | 73.6945 | 0 | 30 | 30 | 100 |
Islamabad | 33.6296 | 73.1123 | 73 | 124 | 197 | 62.94 |
Kharian | 32.8143 | 73.8831 | 94 | 116 | 210 | 55.23 |
Khushab | 32.1748 | 72.219 | 54 | 61 | 115 | 53.04 |
Kunjah | 32.5295 | 73.9771 | 10 | 21 | 31 | 67.74 |
Lahore | 31.4635 | 74.2047 | 155 | 168 | 323 | 52.01 |
Mandi Bahudin | 32.5742 | 73.4828 | 7 | 60 | 67 | 89.55 |
Mianwali | 32.6749 | 71.2785 | 61 | 41 | 102 | 40.19 |
Multan | 29.8717 | 71.3231 | 47 | 41 | 88 | 46.59 |
Makwal | 30.5851 | 70.7258 | 82 | 81 | 163 | 49.69 |
Muzaffargarh | 29.3817 | 70.9131 | 15 | 5 | 20 | 25 |
Sargodha | 32.074 | 72.6861 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 86.67 |
Sheikupara | 31.7167 | 73.985 | 24 | 6 | 30 | 20 |
Sialkot | 32.4945 | 74.5229 | 12 | 23 | 35 | 65.71 |
Swat | 35.2227 | 72.4258 | 56 | 38 | 94 | 40.42 |
Talagang | 32.9172 | 72.4081 | 15 | 7 | 22 | 31.81 |
Taunsa | 30.7046 | 70.6574 | 11 | 12 | 23 | 52.17 |
Taxila | 33.7408 | 72.7858 | 58 | 50 | 108 | 46.29 |
Zahir Pir | 28.8107 | 70.5324 | 43 | 32 | 75 | 42.67 |
Season | Non-Infested | Tick Infested | Total | Prevalence (%) | Chi-Square (χ2) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autumn | 756 | 626 | 1382 | 45.29 | 189 | 0.001 * |
Summer | 140 | 463 | 603 | 76.78 | ||
Winter | 24 | 6 | 30 | 20 | ||
Spring | 19 | 46 | 65 | 70.76 |
Province | Areas | Tick Species | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Haemaphysalis punctata | Haemaphysalis sulcata | Hyalomma dromedarii | Hyalomma anatolicum | Hyalomma detritum | Hyalomma excavatum | Hyalomma marginatum | Hyalomma rufipes | Rhipicephalus microplus | Rhipicephalus decoloratus | Rhipicephalus sanguineus | ||
Punjab | Mandi Bahudin | 1 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
Kharian | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | |
Dera Ghazi Khan | 3 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 24 | 10 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 45 | |
Muzaffargarh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |
Mianwali | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
Zahir Pir | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | ||
Fateh Jang | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | |
Sheikupara | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
Lahore | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 35 | 6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Chakwal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 25 | 1 | 41 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 0 | |
Sargodha | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | |
Hafizabad | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Gujrat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Bhakkar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Multan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Taxila | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sialkot | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
Islamabad | Islamabad | 3 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 4 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 303 |
KPK | Swat | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
Total | 12 | 2 | 5 | 287 | 105 | 35 | 105 | 1 | 45 | 22 | 393 |
Tick Species | Goat | Sheep | Buffalo | Cattle |
---|---|---|---|---|
Haemaphysalis punctata | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Rhipicephalus sanguineus | 350 | 34 | 6 | 3 |
Haemaphysalis sulcata | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Hyalomma anatolicum | 27 | 9 | 8 | 243 |
Hyalomma detritum | 44 | 18 | 1 | 42 |
Hyalomma excavatum | 8 | 3 | 1 | 23 |
Hyalomma marginatum | 21 | 13 | 0 | 71 |
Rhipicephalus microplus | 2 | 1 | 0 | 42 |
Rhipicephalus decoloratus | 2 | 0 | 1 | 19 |
Hyalomma rufipes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Hyalomma dromedarii | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
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Khan, S.S.; Ahmed, H.; Afzal, M.S.; Khan, M.R.; Birtles, R.J.; Oliver, J.D. Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053024
Khan SS, Ahmed H, Afzal MS, Khan MR, Birtles RJ, Oliver JD. Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):3024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053024
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Sadia Salim, Haroon Ahmed, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mobushir Riaz Khan, Richard J. Birtles, and Jonathan D. Oliver. 2022. "Epidemiology, Distribution and Identification of Ticks on Livestock in Pakistan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 3024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053024