Tapping the Potential of Resilience to Support an Integrated and Person-Centred Approach to Health and Wellbeing—Developing a Simple Assessment Tool for Practice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Underpinnings—Setting the Stage for Resilience (Material and Methods)
2.1. The Concept of Salutogenesis
2.1.1. Gratitude
2.1.2. Self-Efficacy
2.1.3. Empathy
2.1.4. Humour
2.2. The Social Determinants of Health and the Influence of Mental Health
2.3. Taking a Closer Look at Resilience—A Definition
2.4. A Review of Resilience Assessment Tools
2.4.1. Resilience Scale
2.4.2. Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
2.4.3. Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA)
2.4.4. Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)
3. The Need for a New Assessment Tool (Results)
3.1. Proposing Four Domains to Assess Resilience
3.2. Developing a Simple Assessment Tool to Measure Resilience: The Human Condition-4—Satisfaction Index
- What is the individual picture and phenomenology of your challenges/barriers, and what consequences did they have or will they have in your life?
- What abilities to change can you identify, and which of them are realistic and feasible for you to change with our assistance?
- How can your socio-psychological and living environment be characterised?
- How is your physical and mental situation characterised today?
- By your hereditary and family history, by your social and familiar environment, your working place, your existential situation, your beliefs, values and ideologies?
- How can changes be made and improvements realised?
4. Next Steps of Development
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Three Cs of Hardiness | Resiliency Mechanisms |
---|---|
Control = the tendency to believe and act as if one can influence the events taking place around oneself through one’s own efforts | Behavioural (transformational) coping = optimistic style of transforming stressful events into less stressful ones |
Commitment = the tendency to involve oneself in the activities in life and having a genuine interest in and curiosity about the surrounding world | Social resources and health-promoting behaviours = recruiting and making adequate use of social resources |
Challenge = the belief that change rather than stability is the norm in life (growth versus fixed mindset) | Cognitive (optimistic) appraisal = putting stressful circumstances into perspective and interpreting them in a less threatening manner |
Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) | Resilience Scale (RS) | Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) | Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | 25 | 25 or 14 | 37 | 6 |
Focus | Diagnosis and therapy of PTSD | Prevention Identification of people at risk | Prevention Monitoring | Shortness Stress resistance |
Definition of resilience | Resilience as a changeable entity, which indicates health status | Resilience as protective personality trait | Resilience as capability to quickly recuperate from stressors and come back on one’s feet | |
Dimensions | Personal Competence Acceptance of Change and Secure Relationships Trust/Tolerance/Strengthening Effects of Stress Control Spiritual Influences | Acceptance of self Personal competence | Personal Competence Social Competence Social Support Family Coherence Personal Structure | Ability to bounce back from adversity |
Tested in the following sample populations | General public Patients in primary care Patients with generalised anxiety disorder | Older adults | Patients with mental disorders General public | Students Patients in cardio-vascular rehab People with chronic pain |
Scale | 5-part (0–4) | 7-part | 4-part | 6-part (1–5) |
All of the Time | Most of the Time | More than Half of the Time | Less than Half of the Time | Some of the Time | At No Time at All | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. I have felt self-directed and autonomous—“in charge” of my life. | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
2. I have felt that people care for me and that there are persons I care for. | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
3. I have felt that my life is meaningful. | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
4. I have felt respected and appreciated. | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
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Stein, K.V.; Rutz, W.; Hladschik-Kermer, B.; Dorner, T.E. Tapping the Potential of Resilience to Support an Integrated and Person-Centred Approach to Health and Wellbeing—Developing a Simple Assessment Tool for Practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052679
Stein KV, Rutz W, Hladschik-Kermer B, Dorner TE. Tapping the Potential of Resilience to Support an Integrated and Person-Centred Approach to Health and Wellbeing—Developing a Simple Assessment Tool for Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052679
Chicago/Turabian StyleStein, Katharina Viktoria, Wolfgang Rutz, Birgit Hladschik-Kermer, and Thomas E. Dorner. 2022. "Tapping the Potential of Resilience to Support an Integrated and Person-Centred Approach to Health and Wellbeing—Developing a Simple Assessment Tool for Practice" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052679