Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children of Immigrant Origin in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Dependent Variables
2.2.2. Explanatory Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BMI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country of Birth of Mother | Spain | Other | ||||||
Sex | Age | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | Sig |
Male | 2 | 32 | 19.03 | 6.04 | 12 | 15.95 | 1.43 | |
3 | 34 | 18.08 | 3.82 | 12 | 17.49 | 6.46 | ||
4 | 59 | 15.84 | 2.65 | 19 | 20.54 | 5.01 | ||
5 | 53 | 16.90 | 4.83 | 11 | 19.92 | 6.37 | ||
2–5 | 179 | 17.16 | 4.44 | 54 | 18.73 | 5.38 | 0.055 | |
6 | 50 | 19.00 | 9.57 | 15 | 19.90 | 5.63 | ||
7 | 55 | 16.40 | 3.58 | 15 | 22.68 | 14.45 | ||
8 | 51 | 18.11 | 3.20 | 20 | 18.48 | 4.34 | ||
9 | 83 | 17.99 | 3.84 | 11 | 18.59 | 2.52 | ||
6–9 | 239 | 17.86 | 5.45 | 61 | 19.88 | 8.12 | 0.069 | |
10 | 36 | 19.11 | 3.37 | 20 | 19.18 | 4.81 | ||
11 | 35 | 19.12 | 3.94 | 13 | 20.03 | 4.24 | ||
12 | 45 | 19.30 | 3.32 | 15 | 21.29 | 2.76 | ||
13 | 39 | 20.23 | 3.50 | 15 | 20.76 | 3.50 | ||
14 | 55 | 20.72 | 3.70 | 16 | 19.83 | 3.21 | ||
10–14 | 210 | 19.78 | 3.60 | 80 | 20.15 | 3.82 | 0.442 | |
Total | 628 | 18.30 | 4.73 | 195 | 19.67 | 5.89 | 0.003 | |
Female | 2 | 67 | 16.88 | 3.81 | 14 | 17.84 | 6.56 | |
3 | 66 | 16.47 | 4.08 | 12 | 17.10 | 3.73 | ||
4 | 86 | 18.31 | 10.13 | 15 | 18.77 | 7.23 | ||
5 | 68 | 16.79 | 4.44 | 18 | 16.20 | 2.78 | ||
2–5 | 287 | 17.02 | 5.73 | 60 | 18.29 | 5.33 | 0.116 | |
6 | 91 | 16.41 | 2.71 | 24 | 18.85 | 6.78 | ||
7 | 96 | 17.52 | 3.92 | 27 | 17.02 | 4.44 | ||
8 | 103 | 16.85 | 3.17 | 12 | 19.36 | 2.39 | ||
9 | 101 | 18.04 | 3.83 | 26 | 19.50 | 3.33 | ||
6–9 | 392 | 17.23 | 3.52 | 89 | 18.71 | 4.85 | 0.008 | |
10 | 71 | 18.21 | 3.27 | 16 | 19.41 | 4.17 | ||
11 | 81 | 19.19 | 3.16 | 14 | 20.81 | 5.11 | ||
12 | 89 | 19.74 | 3.18 | 10 | 21.70 | 5.14 | ||
13 | 68 | 19.88 | 3.16 | 10 | 20.80 | 3.24 | ||
14 | 72 | 20.05 | 3.10 | 11 | 21.67 | 2.58 | ||
10–14 | 382 | 19.37 | 3.16 | 61 | 21.11 | 4.11 | 0.002 | |
Total | 1061 | 17.94 | 4.26 | 210 | 19.29 | 4.91 | <0.001 |
Male | Female | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country of Birth of Mother | Spain | Other | Spain | Other | ||||||||||||||
Total | OB/OW | Total | OB/OW | Total | OB/OW | Total | OB/OW | |||||||||||
n | n | % | Sig (a) | n | n | % | Sig (a) | Sig (b) | n | n | % | Sig b (a) | n | n | % | Sig (a) | Sig (b) | |
Total | 628 | 185 | 29.5 | 195 | 79 | 40.5 | 0.004 | 1061 | 321 | 30.3 | 210 | 94 | 44.8 | <0.001 | ||||
Educational Level | ||||||||||||||||||
Basic–Intermediate | 45 | 23 | 51.1 | <0.001 | 32 | 10 | 31.3 | 0.191 | 0.083 | 54 | 17 | 31.5 | 0.187 | 35 | 19 | 54.3 | 0.394 | 0.032 |
Higher vocational training | 133 | 51 | 38.3 | 41 | 20 | 48.8 | 0.235 | 256 | 95 | 37.1 | 30 | 16 | 53.3 | 0.084 | ||||
University | 221 | 54 | 24.4 | 83 | 41 | 49.4 | <0.001 | 368 | 111 | 30.2 | 100 | 43 | 43.0 | 0.015 | ||||
Cohabitation | ||||||||||||||||||
Couples | 467 | 133 | 28.5 | 0.404 | 139 | 51 | 36.7 | 0.100 | 0.065 | 877 | 264 | 30.1 | 0.736 | 164 | 73 | 44.5 | 0.797 | <0.001 |
Other | 140 | 45 | 32.1 | 50 | 25 | 50.0 | 0.025 | 172 | 54 | 31.4 | 45 | 21 | 46.7 | 0.055 | ||||
Age Group | ||||||||||||||||||
2–5 | 179 | 56 | 31.3 | 0.729 | 54 | 19 | 35.2 | 0.140 | 0.591 | 287 | 90 | 31.3 | 60 | 27 | 45.0 | 0.062 | 0.040 | |
6–9 | 239 | 71 | 29.7 | 61 | 31 | 50.8 | 0.002 | 392 | 142 | 36.2 | 89 | 47 | 52.8 | 0.005 | ||||
10–14 | 210 | 58 | 27.6 | 80 | 29 | 36.3 | 0.152 | 382 | 89 | 23.3 | 61 | 20 | 32.8 | 0.110 | ||||
Social Class | ||||||||||||||||||
Class I–II | 164 | 42 | 25.6 | 0.415 | 24 | 4 | 16.7 | 0.023 | 0.341 | 290 | 71 | 24.5 | 0.002 | 21 | 6 | 28.6 | 0.009 | 0.675 |
Class III–IV | 225 | 66 | 29.3 | 43 | 17 | 39.5 | 0.185 | 367 | 102 | 27.8 | 52 | 16 | 30.8 | 0.655 | ||||
Class V–VI | 233 | 74 | 31.8 | 122 | 57 | 46.7 | 0.006 | 399 | 145 | 36.3 | 132 | 69 | 52.3 | 0.001 | ||||
Child’s Weight Perception | ||||||||||||||||||
Normal or below normal | 511 | 129 | 25.2 | <0.001 | 156 | 59 | 37.8 | 0.138 | 0.002 | 885 | 230 | 26.0 | <0.001 | 171 | 68 | 39.8 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Fairly or somewhat above normal | 117 | 56 | 47.9 | 35 | 18 | 51.4 | 0.711 | 176 | 91 | 51.7 | 39 | 26 | 66.7 | 0.090 | ||||
Mother’s Overweight/Obesity | ||||||||||||||||||
Normal | 411 | 113 | 27.5 | 0.165 | 97 | 34 | 35.1 | 0.040 | 0.140 | 689 | 185 | 26.9 | 0.001 | 108 | 36 | 33.3 | 0.001 | 0.162 |
Overweight/obesity | 210 | 69 | 32.9 | 88 | 44 | 50.0 | 0.005 | 354 | 129 | 36.4 | 101 | 57 | 56.4 | <0.001 |
Country of Birth of Mother | Spain | Other | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of Weekly Consumption | <1 | 1–2 | ≥3 | <1 | 1–2 | ≥3 | Sig (a) | Gamma | Sig (b) | |||||||
Fresh Fruit (Excluding Juices) | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 48 | 6.80% | 139 | 19.80% | 515 | 73.40% | 7 | 3.10% | 36 | 15.80% | 185 | 81.10% | 0.03 | 0.222 | 0.007 | |
Female | 57 | 4.90% | 219 | 18.80% | 887 | 76.30% | 9 | 3.50% | 31 | 12.00% | 219 | 84.60% | 0.014 | 0.248 | 0.002 | |
Total | 105 | 5.60% | 358 | 19.20% | 1402 | 75.20% | 16 | 3.30% | 67 | 13.80% | 404 | 83.00% | 0.001 | 0.228 | <0.001 | |
Male * | 287 | 41.70% | 349 | 50.70% | 53 | 7.70% | 83 | 37.20% | 119 | 53.40% | 21 | 9.40% | 0.433 | 0.09 | 0.199 | |
Female * | 455 | 39.90% | 594 | 52.20% | 90 | 7.90% | 82 | 32.30% | 154 | 60.60% | 18 | 7.10% | 0.047 | 0.12 | 0.056 | |
Total * | 742 | 40.60% | 943 | 51.60% | 143 | 7.80% | 165 | 34.60% | 273 | 57.20% | 39 | 8.20% | 0.055 | 0.103 | 0.027 | |
Meat (Chicken, Beef, Pork, and Lamb, etc.) | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 7 | 1.00% | 421 | 60.00% | 274 | 39.00% | 3 | 1.30% | 120 | 53.30% | 102 | 45.30% | 0.209 | 0.12 | 0.117 | |
Female | 11 | 0.90% | 738 | 63.50% | 413 | 35.50% | 9 | 3.50% | 166 | 64.10% | 84 | 32.40% | 0.006 | −0.099 | 0.162 | |
Total | 18 | 1.00% | 1159 | 62.20% | 687 | 36.90% | 12 | 2.50% | 286 | 59.10% | 186 | 38.40% | 0.021 | 0.012 | 0.813 | |
Eggs | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 66 | 9.40% | 604 | 86.00% | 32 | 4.60% | 22 | 9.60% | 184 | 80.70% | 22 | 9.60% | 0.016 | 0.15 | 0.144 | |
Female | 71 | 6.10% | 1019 | 87.70% | 72 | 6.20% | 35 | 13.50% | 205 | 79.20% | 19 | 7.30% | <0.001 | −0.200 | 0.036 | |
Total | 137 | 7.30% | 1623 | 87.10% | 104 | 5.60% | 57 | 11.70% | 389 | 79.90% | 41 | 8.40% | <0.001 | −0.046 | 0.51 | |
Fish | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 70 | 10.00% | 570 | 81.10% | 63 | 9.00% | 24 | 10.50% | 179 | 78.20% | 26 | 11.40% | 0.531 | 0.049 | 0.595 | |
Female | 99 | 8.50% | 949 | 81.70% | 114 | 9.80% | 45 | 17.40% | 204 | 78.80% | 10 | 3.90% | <0.001 | −0.397 | <0.001 | |
Total | 169 | 9.10% | 1519 | 81.40% | 177 | 9.50% | 69 | 14.10% | 383 | 78.50% | 36 | 7.40% | 0.002 | −0.192 | 0.002 | |
Pasta, Rice, and Potatoes | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 2 | 0.30% | 425 | 60.50% | 275 | 39.20% | 0 | 0.00% | 102 | 44.70% | 126 | 55.30% | <0.001 | 0.316 | <0.001 | |
Female | 8 | 0.70% | 710 | 61.20% | 442 | 38.10% | 2 | 0.80% | 90 | 34.60% | 168 | 64.60% | <0.001 | 0.485 | <0.001 | |
Total | 10 | 0.50% | 1135 | 61.00% | 717 | 38.50% | 2 | 0.40% | 192 | 39.30% | 294 | 60.20% | <0.001 | 0.413 | <0.001 | |
Bread, Cereals | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 9 | 1.30% | 33 | 4.70% | 660 | 94.00% | 2 | 0.90% | 8 | 3.50% | 219 | 95.60% | 0.649 | 0.163 | 0.318 | |
Female | 9 | 0.80% | 67 | 5.80% | 1086 | 93.50% | 0 | 0.00% | 14 | 5.40% | 244 | 94.60% | 0.355 | 0.102 | 0.464 | |
Total | 18 | 1.00% | 100 | 5.40% | 1746 | 93.70% | 2 | 0.40% | 22 | 4.50% | 463 | 95.10% | 0.365 | 0.133 | 0.207 | |
Vegetables, Salads, and Greens | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 66 | 9.40% | 267 | 38.00% | 369 | 52.60% | 19 | 8.30% | 83 | 36.40% | 126 | 55.30% | 0.751 | 0.052 | 0.449 | |
Female | 62 | 5.30% | 439 | 37.80% | 660 | 56.80% | 16 | 6.20% | 80 | 31.00% | 162 | 62.80% | 0.12 | 0.101 | 0.128 | |
Total | 128 | 6.90% | 706 | 37.90% | 1029 | 55.20% | 35 | 7.20% | 163 | 33.50% | 288 | 59.30% | 0.207 | 0.066 | 0.166 | |
Legumes | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 67 | 9.50% | 611 | 87.00% | 24 | 3.40% | 24 | 10.50% | 187 | 81.70% | 18 | 7.90% | 0.016 | 0.113 | 0.287 | |
Female | 88 | 7.60% | 1031 | 88.80% | 42 | 3.60% | 34 | 13.10% | 214 | 82.60% | 11 | 4.20% | 0.013 | −0.187 | 0.065 | |
Total | 155 | 8.30% | 1642 | 88.10% | 66 | 3.50% | 58 | 11.90% | 401 | 82.20% | 29 | 5.90% | 0.002 | −0.041 | 0.581 | |
Sausages and Cold Meats | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 69 | 9.80% | 292 | 41.70% | 340 | 48.50% | 82 | 36.10% | 63 | 27.80% | 82 | 36.10% | <0.001 | −0.367 | <0.001 | |
Female | 121 | 10.40% | 548 | 47.20% | 491 | 42.30% | 77 | 30.20% | 102 | 40.00% | 76 | 29.80% | <0.001 | −0.346 | <0.001 | |
Total | 190 | 10.20% | 840 | 45.10% | 831 | 44.70% | 159 | 33.00% | 165 | 34.20% | 158 | 32.80% | <0.001 | −0.350 | <0.001 | |
Dairy Products (Milk, Cheese, and Yogurt) | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 4 | 0.60% | 15 | 2.10% | 682 | 97.30% | 4 | 1.80% | 4 | 1.80% | 220 | 96.50% | 0.23 | −0.136 | 0.547 | |
Female | 25 | 2.20% | 30 | 2.60% | 1106 | 95.30% | 4 | 1.50% | 12 | 4.60% | 243 | 93.80% | 0.179 | −0.132 | 0.392 | |
Total | 29 | 1.60% | 45 | 2.40% | 1788 | 96.00% | 8 | 1.60% | 16 | 3.30% | 463 | 95.10% | 0.555 | −0.110 | 0.379 | |
Sweets (Biscuits, Pastries, Sweets, and Jams, etc.) | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 72 | 10.30% | 205 | 29.20% | 424 | 60.50% | 23 | 10.10% | 54 | 23.70% | 151 | 66.20% | 0.243 | 0.101 | 0.164 | |
Female | 71 | 6.10% | 415 | 35.80% | 674 | 58.10% | 21 | 8.10% | 90 | 34.70% | 148 | 57.10% | 0.5 | −0.032 | 0.622 | |
Total | 143 | 7.70% | 620 | 33.30% | 1098 | 59.00% | 44 | 9.00% | 144 | 29.60% | 299 | 61.40% | 0.232 | 0.032 | 0.513 | |
Soft Drinks with Sugar | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 487 | 69.50% | 164 | 23.40% | 50 | 7.10% | 117 | 51.30% | 80 | 35.10% | 31 | 13.60% | <0.001 | 0.341 | <0.001 | |
Female | 840 | 72.70% | 230 | 19.90% | 86 | 7.40% | 167 | 65.00% | 66 | 25.70% | 24 | 9.30% | 0.048 | 0.162 | 0.021 | |
Total | 1327 | 71.50% | 394 | 21.20% | 136 | 7.30% | 284 | 58.60% | 146 | 30.10% | 55 | 11.30% | <0.001 | 0.261 | <0.001 | |
Fast Food (Fried Chicken, Sandwiches, Pizzas, or Hamburgers) | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 341 | 48.70% | 316 | 45.10% | 43 | 6.10% | 95 | 41.90% | 124 | 54.60% | 8 | 3.50% | 0.029 | 0.093 | 0.182 | |
Female | 555 | 47.90% | 543 | 46.90% | 61 | 5.30% | 138 | 53.70% | 107 | 41.60% | 12 | 4.70% | 0.241 | −0.107 | 0.099 | |
Total | 896 | 48.20% | 859 | 46.20% | 104 | 5.60% | 233 | 48.10% | 231 | 47.70% | 20 | 4.10% | 0.418 | −0.009 | 0.853 | |
Snacks or savoury finger foods (potato crisps, croutons or pickles) | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 352 | 50.30% | 314 | 44.90% | 34 | 4.90% | 93 | 40.80% | 120 | 52.60% | 15 | 6.60% | 0.04 | 0.178 | 0.011 | |
Female | 590 | 51.00% | 504 | 43.60% | 63 | 5.40% | 133 | 51.80% | 111 | 43.20% | 13 | 5.10% | 0.957 | −0.017 | 0.797 | |
Total | 942 | 50.70% | 818 | 44.00% | 97 | 5.20% | 226 | 46.60% | 231 | 47.60% | 28 | 5.80% | 0.268 | 0.076 | 0.107 | |
Natural Fruit or Vegetable Juice | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 339 | 48.40% | 209 | 29.80% | 153 | 21.80% | 89 | 39.00% | 86 | 37.70% | 53 | 23.20% | 0.034 | 0.124 | 0.046 | |
Female | 554 | 47.80% | 365 | 31.50% | 239 | 20.60% | 101 | 39.00% | 105 | 40.50% | 53 | 20.50% | 0.012 | 0.108 | 0.053 | |
Total | 893 | 48.00% | 574 | 30.90% | 392 | 21.10% | 190 | 39.00% | 191 | 39.20% | 106 | 21.80% | 0.001 | 0.116 | 0.005 |
Variable | Consumption of Food One or More Times a Week | Physical Exercise | Screen-Use | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight/Obesity | Sweets | Sugary Soft Drinks | Fast Food | Snacks | No/Some Exercise | More than 1 h/day Screens on Weekdays | More than 1 h/day Weekend Screens | |||||||||
OR (CI 95%) | Sig | OR (CI 95%) | Sig | OR (CI 95%) | Sig | OR (CI 95%) | Sig | OR (CI 95%) | Sig | OR (CI 95%) | Sig | OR (CI 95%) | Sig | OR (CI 95%) | Sig | |
Sex (Child) | ||||||||||||||||
Female | 1.05 (0.83;1.32) | 0.704 | 1.56 (1.04;2.33) | 0.03 | 0.74 (0.60;0.92) | 0.008 | 0.93 (0.75;1.15) | 0.496 | 0.84 (0.68;1.03) | 0.091 | 2.24 (1.80;2.79) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.67;1.14) | 0.308 | 1.25 (0.93;1.68) | 0.141 |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Country of Birth (Mother) | ||||||||||||||||
Other | 1.67 (1.27;2.18) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.45;1.11) | 0.128 | 1.38 (1.07;1.79) | 0.014 | 0.52 (0.29;0.91) | 0.022 | 1.05 (0.82;1.34) | 0.718 | 1.65 (1.28;2.14) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.04;1.99) | 0.028 | 5.23 (2.02;13.55) | 0.001 |
Spain | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Cohabitation | ||||||||||||||||
Other | 0.93 (0.70;1.24) | 0.631 | 1.44 (0.84;2.48) | 0.185 | 1.01 (0.77;1.32) | 0.944 | 1.17 (0.91;1.51) | 0.231 | 0.85 (0.66;1.09) | 0.204 | 1.16 (0.89;1.51) | 0.259 | 0.73 (0.54;1.00) | 0.051 | 0.79 (0.55;1.12) | 0.183 |
Couples | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Level of Studies | 0.069 | 0.355 | 0.094 | 0.006 | 0.258 | 0.001 | 0.277 | |||||||||
University | 0.86 (0.59;1.24) | 0.409 | 1.46 (0.83;2.57) | 0.185 | 0.73 (0.52;1.02) | 0.066 | 0.81 (0.53;1.23) | 0.318 | 0.76 (0.55;1.06) | 0.103 | 0.56 (0.40;0.79) | 0.001 | 1.26 (0.84;1.89) | 0.273 | 2.19 (1.28;3.74) | 0.004 |
Higher vocational training | 1.15 (0.78;1.70) | 0.468 | 1.51 (0.82;2.77) | 0.189 | 0.90 (0.63;1.28) | 0.553 | 1.16 (0.75;1.79) | 0.493 | 0.79 (0.56;1.11) | 0.166 | 0.76 (0.53;1.09) | 0.142 | 1.42 (0.92;2.19) | 0.111 | 2.88 (1.65;5.05) | <0.001 |
Basic–Intermediate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Social Class | <0.001 | 0.784 | 0.003 | 0.044 | 0.005 | 0.686 | ||||||||||
Class V–VI | 2.09 (1.29;3.41) | 0.003 | 1.30 (0.62;2.69) | 0.486 | 1.28 (0.84;1.97) | 0.252 | 0.81 (0.54;1.21) | 0.3 | 1.28 (0.87;1.89) | 0.215 | 1.94 (1.27;2.96) | 0.002 | 1.14 (0.70;1.86) | 0.608 | 1.11 (0.62;1.97) | 0.724 |
Class III–IV | 1.42 (0.86;2.33) | 0.167 | 1.25 (0.59;2.63) | 0.561 | 0.83 (0.53;1.29) | 0.409 | 0.73 (0.49;1.09) | 0.122 | 0.96 (0.65;1.43) | 0.859 | 1.54 (1.00;2.37) | 0.048 | 1.01 (0.62;1.65) | 0.977 | 0.90 (0.51;1.60) | 0.727 |
Class I–II | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Age (Child) | 0.95 (0.92;0.98) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.92;1.04) | 0.45 | 1.14 (1.10;1.18) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.06;1.13) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.00;1.06) | 0.082 | 0.88 (0.85;0.91) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.08;1.16) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.13;1.24) | <0.001 |
Country of Birth x Level of Studies (Interaction) | 0.029 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Other x University | 2.33 (1.21;4.47) | 0.011 | 0.19 (0.07;0.55) | 0.002 | ||||||||||||
Other x Higher vocational training | 2.40 (1.12;5.13) | 0.024 | 0.10 (0.03;0.31) | <0.001 |
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Moncho, J.; Martínez-García, A.; Trescastro-López, E.M. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children of Immigrant Origin in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031711
Moncho J, Martínez-García A, Trescastro-López EM. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children of Immigrant Origin in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031711
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoncho, Joaquín, Alba Martínez-García, and Eva Mª Trescastro-López. 2022. "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children of Immigrant Origin in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031711