Electronic Cigarettes or Vaping: Are There Any Differences in the Profiles, Use and Perceptions between a Developed and a Developing Country?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Settings
2.2. Study Population and Sampling
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analyses
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All Population | Australia | Bangladesh | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total, N (%) | Total, n (%) | Total, n (%) | ||
Total participants | 422 | 261 | 161 | |
Age (years) | 361 | 224 | 137 | |
Mean (±SD) | 36.3 (12.0) | 41.3 (11.7) | 28.1 (7.2) | |
Age groups (years) | 361 | 224 | 137 | <0.001 |
18–30 | 134 (37.1) | 40 (17.9) | 94 (68.6) | |
31–50 | 169 (46.8) | 129 (57.6) | 40 (29.2) | |
>51 | 58 (16.1) | 55 (24.6) | 3 (2.2) | |
Gender | 419 | 259 | 160 | <0.001 |
Men | 349 (83.3) | 191 (73.7) | 158 (98.8) | |
Women | 70 (16.7) | 68 (26.3) | 2 (1.3) | |
Location of residence | 421 | 261 | 160 | <0.001 |
Metropolitan/urban | 329 (78.1) | 177 (67.8) | 152 (95.0) | |
Regional/rural | 92 (21.9) | 84 (32.2) | 8 (5.0) | |
Marital status | 421 | 260 | 161 | <0.001 |
Single | 153 (36.3) | 59 (22.7) | 94 (58.4) | |
Married/partnered | 248 (58.9) | 182 (70.0) | 66 (41.0) | |
Divorced/widowed | 20 (4.8) | 19 (7.3) | 1 (0.6) | |
Level of education | 422 | 261 | 161 | <0.001 |
Primary or secondary school | 106 (25.1) | 93 (35.6) | 13 (8.1) | |
Undergraduate (certificate/diploma/bachelor’s) | 255 (60.4) | 152 (58.2) | 103 (64.0) | |
Postgraduate (master’s and above) | 61 (14.5) | 16 (6.1) | 45 (28.0) | |
Primary occupation | 421 | 260 | 161 | <0.001 |
Student | 66 (15.7) | 11 (4.2) | 55 (34.2) | |
Have an income source (job/business) | 266 (63.2) | 168 (64.6) | 98 (60.9) | |
Retired | 34 (8.1) | 34 (13.1) | 0 (0) | |
Not working | 55 (13.1) | 47 (18.1) | 8 (5.0) | |
Weekly income (average in AUD) | 412 | 255 | 157 | <0.001 |
≤500 | 185 (44.9) | 72 (28.2) | 113 (72.0) | |
501–1000 | 100 (24.3) | 72 (28.2) | 28 (17.8) | |
>1000 | 127 (30.8) | 111 (43.5) | 16 (10.2) | |
Behavioural factors (multiple responses) | 422 | 261 | 161 | |
Drinks alcohol | 76 (18.0) | 61 (23.4) | 15 (9.3) | <0.001 |
Performs less physical activity | 156 (37.0) | 86 (33.0) | 70 (43.5) | 0.030 |
Consumes less fruits and vegetables | 151 (35.8) | 82 (31.4) | 69 (42.9) | 0.017 |
Characteristics | All Population | Australia | Bangladesh | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total, N (%) | Total, n (%) | Total, n (%) | ||
Total participants | 422 | 261 | 161 | |
Smoking cigarettes in last 30 days | 421 | 260 | 161 | <0.001 |
None | 308 (73.2) | 214 (82.3) | 94 (58.4) | |
Daily | 46 (10.9) | 19 (7.3) | 27 (16.8) | |
Not daily/occasional | 67 (15.9) | 27 (10.4) | 40 (24.8) | |
Current smokers | ||||
Number of cigarettes smoked in last 30 days | 107 | 45 | 62 | 0.412 |
1 or less | 58 (54.2) | 24 (53.3) | 34 (54.8) | |
2 to 9 | 33 (30.8) | 12 (26.7) | 21 (33.9) | |
10 or more | 16 (15.0) | 9 (20.0) | 7 (11.3) | |
Duration of smoking cigarettes (years) | 93 | 38 | 55 | <0.001 |
Mean (±SD) | 13.0 (9.1) | 18.3 (9.7) | 9.4 (6.7) | |
Tried to quit smoking cigarettes in the last 12 months | 108 | 46 | 62 | 0.098 |
No | 24 (22.2) | 12 (26.1) | 12 (19.4) | |
Yes, tried 1–10 times | 71 (65.7) | 32 (69.6) | 39 (62.9) | |
Yes, tried >10 times | 13 (12.0) | 2 (4.3) | 11 (17.7) | |
Ex-smokers | ||||
Stopped smoking cigarettes | 308 | 214 | 94 | <0.001 |
1–6 months ago | 99 (32.1) | 65 (30.4) | 34 (36.2) | |
7–12 months ago | 58 (18.8) | 37 (17.3) | 21 (22.3) | |
13–60 months ago | 117 (38.0) | 88 (41.1) | 29 (30.9) | |
>60 months ago | 27 (8.8) | 24 (11.2) | 3 (3.2) | |
Never smoked | 7 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 7 (7.4) | |
Duration of smoking cigarettes (years) | 282 | 201 | 81 | <0.001 |
Mean (±SD) | 21.0 (11.9) | 24.6 (11.5) | 12.0 (7.3) | |
Strategies used in the attempt to quit smoking cigarettes (multiple responses) | 415 | 261 | 154 | |
None | 76 (18.3) | 12 (4.6) | 64 (41.6) | <0.001 |
Nicotine replacement products (e.g., gum, lozenge, mouth spray) | 244 (58.8) | 218 (83.5) | 26 (16.9) | <0.001 |
Quitting medication (e.g., champix, zyban) | 134 (32.3) | 131 (50.2) | 3 (1.9) | <0.001 |
Cold turkey (quitting abruptly) | 249 (60.0) | 221 (84.7) | 28 (18.2) | <0.001 |
Cutting down (reducing the number/frequency) | 281 (67.7) | 216 (82.8) | 65 (42.2) | <0.001 |
Counselling from professionals | 84 (20.2) | 77 (29.5) | 7 (4.5) | <0.001 |
Characteristics | All Population | Australia | Bangladesh | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total, N (%) | Total, n (%) | Total, n (%) | ||
Total participants | 422 | 261 | 161 | |
Using e-cigarettes in last 30 days | 416 | 261 | 155 | <0.001 |
None | 5 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.9) | |
Daily | 392 (94.2) | 255 (97.7) | 137 (88.4) | |
Not daily/occasional | 19 (4.6) | 4 (1.5) | 15 (9.7) | |
Amount of e-liquid/juice used per day (mL/day) | 156 | 102 | 54 | 0.034 |
Mean (±SD) | 8.2 (7.6) | 9.1 (7.6) | 6.4 (7.3) | |
Nicotine in e-liquid/juice | 280 | 199 | 81 | 0.085 |
No | 18 (6.4) | 16 (8.0) | 2 (2.5) | |
Yes | 262 (93.6) | 183 (92.0) | 79 (97.5) | |
Nicotine strength in e-liquid/juice (mg/mL) | 142 | 92 | 50 | 0.050 |
Mean (±SD) | 6.4 (9.1) | 7.5 (11.1) | 4.3 (2.0) | |
Duration of using e-cigarettes (months) | 337 | 221 | 116 | 0.457 |
Mean (±SD) | 21.9 (32.6) | 22.8 (22.0) | 20.1 (46.7) | |
Frequency of use per day | 243 | 137 | 106 | 0.002 |
Mean (±SD) | 23.8 (32.1) | 29.4 (35.9) | 16.5 (24.8) | |
Reasons for using e-cigarettes (multiple responses) | 411 | 259 | 152 | |
Low cost | 173 (42.1) | 166 (64.1) | 7 (4.6) | <0.001 |
Good taste/flavour | 211 (51.3) | 149 (57.1) | 62 (40.8) | 0.001 |
Safe to use | 160 (38.9) | 124 (47.5) | 36 (23.7) | <0.001 |
Can be used indoors/in smokefree areas | 131 (31.9) | 82 (31.7) | 49 (32.2) | 0.904 |
Social/cool image | 13 (3.2) | 3 (1.2) | 10 (6.6) | 0.002 |
To reduce/quit cigarette smoking | 374 (91.0) | 246 (95.0) | 128 (84.2) | <0.001 |
Others | 31 (7.5) | 27 (10.4) | 4 (2.6) | 0.004 |
Ever tried quitting e-cigarettes | 410 | 258 | 152 | 0.003 |
No | 360 (87.8) | 22 (8.5) | 28 (18.4) | |
Yes | 50 (12.2) | 236 (91.5) | 124 (81.6) | |
Perceived addictiveness of e-cigarettes | 409 | 257 | 152 | <0.001 |
Not addictive | 106 (25.9) | 73 (28.4) | 33 (21.7) | |
As addictive as cigarettes | 33 (8.1) | 9 (3.5) | 24 (15.8) | |
Less addictive than cigarettes | 270 (66.0) | 175 (68.1) | 95 (62.5) | |
Intend to stop using e-cigarettes in the next 5 years | 410 | 258 | 152 | 0.001 |
No | 88 (21.5) | 81 (31.4) | 35 (23.0) | |
Maybe | 206 (50.2) | 112 (43.4) | 94 (61.8) | |
Yes | 116 (28.3) | 65 (25.2) | 23 (15.1) | |
Perceived health effects of using e-cigarettes | 410 | 258 | 152 | 0.282 |
No harmful health effects | 79 (19.3) | 45 (17.4) | 34 (22.4) | |
Less harmful than cigarettes | 329 (80.2) | 212 (82.2) | 117 (77.0) | |
Same harmful as cigarettes | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | |
More harmful than cigarettes | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) |
Characteristics | Total, N | Australia | Bangladesh | Unadjusted Analyses | Adjusted Analyses * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, n (%) | Total, n (%) | p | OR | 95% CI | p | AOR | 95% CI | ||
Total participants | 422 | 261 | 161 | ||||||
Smoking behaviour | 422 | 261 | 161 | ||||||
Not used cigarettes or e-cigarettes | 5 | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0.327 | 0.41 | 0.07–2.46 | 0.853 | 0.79 | 0.07–9.59 |
Only used cigarettes (exclusive users of cigarettes) | 6 | 0 (0) | 6 (100) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Only used e-cigarettes (exclusive users of e-cigarettes) | 304 | 213 (70.1) | 91 (29.9) | <0.001 | 3.41 | 2.19–5.31 | <0.001 | 3.05 | 1.63–5.71 |
Used both cigarettes and e-cigarettes (dual users) | 107 | 46 (43.0) | 61 (57.0) | <0.001 | 0.35 | 0.22–0.55 | 0.002 | 0.36 | 0.19–0.69 |
Nicotine in e-liquid/juice | 280 | 199 | 81 | ||||||
No | 18 | 16 (88.9) | 2 (11.1) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 262 | 183 (69.8) | 79 (30.2) | 0.104 | 0.29 | 0.07–1.29 | 0.939 | 1.08 | 0.15–7.54 |
Reasons for using e-cigarettes (multiple responses) | 411 | 259 | 152 | ||||||
Low cost | 173 | 166 (96.0) | 7 (4.0) | <0.001 | 36.8 | 16.6–81.9 | <0.001 | 59.6 | 20.9–170 |
Good taste/flavour | 211 | 149 (70.6) | 62 (29.4) | 0.001 | 1.95 | 1.30–2.93 | 0.004 | 2.37 | 1.32–4.23 |
Safe to use | 160 | 124 (77.5) | 36 (22.5) | <0.001 | 2.96 | 1.89–4.62 | 0.001 | 2.83 | 1.54–5.19 |
Can be used indoors/in smokefree areas | 131 | 82 (62.6) | 49 (37.4) | 0.904 | 0.97 | 0.63–1.50 | 0.319 | 1.37 | 0.74–2.53 |
Social/cool image | 13 | 3 (23.1) | 10 (76.9) | 0.007 | 0.17 | 0.05–0.61 | 0.037 | 0.11 | 0.01–0.87 |
To reduce/quit cigarette smoking | 374 | 246 (65.8) | 128 (34.2) | <0.001 | 3.43 | 1.72–6.83 | 0.001 | 5.10 | 2.04–12.8 |
Perceived addictiveness of e-cigarettes | 409 | 257 | 152 | ||||||
Not addictive | 33 | 9 (27.3) | 24 (72.7) | 0.136 | 1.43 | 0.89–2.29 | 0.712 | 0.88 | 0.46–1.70 |
Less addictive than cigarettes | 270 | 175 (64.8) | 95 (35.2) | 0.249 | 1.28 | 0.84–1.95 | 0.234 | 1.43 | 0.79–2.60 |
As addictive as cigarettes | 106 | 73 (68.9) | 33 (31.1) | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.09–0.43 | 0.164 | 0.48 | 0.17–1.35 |
Perceived health effects of using e-cigarettes | 410 | 258 | 152 | ||||||
No harmful health effects | 79 | 45 (57.0) | 34 (43.0) | 0.223 | 0.73 | 0.45–1.21 | 0.074 | 0.52 | 0.25–1.07 |
Less harmful than cigarettes | 329 | 212 (64.4) | 117 (35.6) | 0.203 | 1.38 | 0.84–2.26 | 0.059 | 1.99 | 0.97–4.08 |
Same harmful as cigarettes | 1 | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
More harmful than cigarettes | 1 | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Intend to stop using e-cigarettes in the next five years | 410 | 258 | 152 | ||||||
No | 88 | 65 (73.9) | 23 (26.1) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 322 | 193 (59.9) | 129 (40.1) | 0.018 | 0.53 | 0.31–0.90 | 0.152 | 0.59 | 0.28–1.22 |
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Rahman, M.A.; Joseph, B.; Nimmi, N. Electronic Cigarettes or Vaping: Are There Any Differences in the Profiles, Use and Perceptions between a Developed and a Developing Country? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031673
Rahman MA, Joseph B, Nimmi N. Electronic Cigarettes or Vaping: Are There Any Differences in the Profiles, Use and Perceptions between a Developed and a Developing Country? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031673
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Muhammad Aziz, Bindu Joseph, and Naima Nimmi. 2022. "Electronic Cigarettes or Vaping: Are There Any Differences in the Profiles, Use and Perceptions between a Developed and a Developing Country?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031673