The Protective Effect of Caring for Grandchildren on the Mental Health of the Elderly: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Material and Method
3.1. Data Sources
3.2. Variables Selection
3.2.1. Outcome Variable
3.2.2. Explanatory Variable
3.2.3. Mediators
3.2.4. Control Variables
3.3. Statistical Analyses
3.4. Core Models Development
3.4.1. OLS Model
3.4.2. Propensity Score Matching (PSM)
3.4.3. Structural Equation Model
4. Results
4.1. Sample Description
4.2. Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Depression of the Elderly
4.2.1. OLS Regression Results
4.2.2. Robustness Test
4.2.3. The Mediating Effect
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Original Question | Code |
---|---|---|
Age | What is your date of birth on your ID card or household register? | Calculated by 2018 minus the respondent’s birth year. |
Gender | What is your gender? | 1 = Male; 0 = Female. |
Hukou | What is your hukou type? | 1 = Urban; 0 = Rural. |
Education level | What is the highest level of education you have now (not including adult education)? | 1 = No formal education (illiterate); 2 = Sishu/home school and Elementary school; 3 = Middle school; 4 = High school and vocational school; 5 = College (associate degree) or above. |
Marital status | What is your marital status? | 1 = Married (with a spouse); 0 = Separated, divorced, and widowed (without a spouse). |
Medical insurance | Are you the policy holder/primary beneficiary of any of the types of health insurance listed below? | 1 = Yes; 0 = No. |
Living arrangements | Who is living together? | 1 = Living with children; 0 = Not living with children. |
Sleep duration | During the past month, how many hours of actual sleep did you get at night? | Continuous variable, between 0 and 15. |
Variable | Frequency | Percentage | Without Caring for Grandchildren | p-Value | Caring for Grandchildren | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Depression | |||||
Depression | Mean = 18.99 | S.D. = 6.78 | Mean = 19.38 | Mean = 18.51 | ||
Caring for grandchildren | Mean = 0.45 | S.D. = 0.50 | ||||
Diversity of participation in social activities | Mean = 0.85 | S.D. = 1.09 | Mean = 0.76 | Mean = 0.97 | ||
Frequency of participation in social activities | Mean = 1.67 | S.D. = 2.34 | Mean = 1.47 | Mean = 1.92 | ||
Age | 0.988 | 0.998 | ||||
60–70 | 3006 | 54.41 | 19.47 (7.01) | 18.51 ((6.44) | ||
71–80 | 1980 | 35.84 | 19.53 (7.02) | 18.47 (6.57) | ||
81 and above | 539 | 9.76 | 18.72 (6.62) | 19.02 (6.46) | ||
Gender *** | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Female | 2650 | 47.96 | 20.97 (7.35) | 19.50 (6.80) | ||
Male | 2875 | 52.04 | 17.91 (6.30) | 17.61 (6.03) | ||
Hukou *** | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Rural | 4231 | 76.58 | 19.92 (7.06) | 19.14 (6.52) | ||
Urban | 2875 | 23.42 | 17.44 (6.41) | 16.90 (5.99) | ||
Education level *** | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Illiterate | 1272 | 23.02 | 21.46 (7.40) | 20.55 (7.10) | ||
Sishu/home school and Elementary school | 2551 | 46.17 | 19.414 (6.94) | 19.03 (6.61) | ||
Middle school | 1009 | 18.26 | 17.64 (6.01) | 17.34 (5.65) | ||
High school and vocational school | 606 | 10.97 | 16.67 (5.86) | 16.44 (5.32) | ||
College (associate degree) or above | 87 | 1.57 | 15.76 (5.20) | 13.63 (3.63) | ||
Marital status *** | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Without a spouse | 1485 | 26.88 | 20.55 (7.49) | 20.00 (6.75) | ||
With a spouse | 4040 | 73.12 | 18.82 (6.67) | 18.14 (6.35) | ||
Medical insurance ** | 0.007 | 0.710 | ||||
No | 137 | 2.48 | 20.05 (6.25) | 19.40 (6.09) | ||
Yes | 5388 | 97.52 | 19.36 (7.02) | 18.50 (6.48) | ||
Living arrangements | 0.798 | 0.264 | ||||
Living without children | 2398 | 43.40 | 19.41 (7.06) | 18.60 (6.56) | ||
Living with children | 3127 | 56.60 | 19.35 (6.94) | 18.47 (6.43) | ||
Sleep duration *** | Mean = 6.06 | S.D. = 2.02 | 6.03 | <0.001 | 6.10 | <0.001 |
Variables | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Depression | Depression | Depression | ||
Age | −0.03 ** | −0.04 *** | −0.04 *** | −0.04 *** | |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | ||
Gender | −1.32 *** | −1.33 *** | −1.41 *** | −1.37 *** | |
(0.19) | (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.19) | ||
Hukou | −1.68 *** | −1.64 *** | −1.44 *** | −1.50 *** | |
(0.22) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.22) | ||
Education level | −0.98 *** | −0.97 *** | −0.85 *** | −0.88 *** | |
(0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | ||
Marital status | −1.06 *** | −1.02 *** | −1.05 *** | −1.03 *** | |
(0.21) | (0.21) | (0.21) | (0.21) | ||
Medical insurance | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |
(0.55) | (0.55) | (0.55) | (0.55) | ||
Living arrangements | −0.54 *** | −0.46 *** | −0.46 *** | −0.46 *** | |
(0.17) | (0.18) | (0.17) | (0.18) | ||
Sleep duration | −0.83 *** | −0.83 *** | −0.82 *** | −0.83 *** | |
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||
Caring for grandchildren | −0.49 *** | −0.45 ** | −0.46 ** | ||
(0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | |||
Diversity of participation in social activities | −0.49 *** | ||||
(0.08) | |||||
Frequency of participation in social activities | −0.18 *** | ||||
(0.04) | |||||
R-squared | 0.143 | 0.144 | 0.150 | 0.147 |
Methods | ATT | SE | 95% CI | t-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
KNN (K = 4) | −0.53 | 0.24 | [−1.011, −0.056] | −2.31 ** |
Radius Matching | −0.55 | 0.20 | [−0.946, −0.149] | −2.60 ** |
Kernel Matching | −0.44 | 0.20 | [−0.830, −0.045] | −1.55 ** |
Variables | B | S.E. | B | S.E. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diversity of participation in social activities Caring for grandchildren | 0.209 *** | 0.095 | ||
Frequency of participation in social activities Caring for grandchildren | 0.449 *** | 0.063 | ||
Depression Caring for grandchildren | −0.045 *** | 0.021 | −0.046 *** | 0.021 |
Diversity of participation in social activities | −0.042 *** | 0.009 | ||
Frequency of participation in social activities | −0.015 *** | 0.004 | ||
Age | −0.006 *** | 0.001 | −0.006 *** | 0.001 |
Gender | −0.183 *** | 0.021 | −0.180 *** | 0.021 |
Hukou | −0.160 *** | 0.024 | −0.166 *** | 0.024 |
Education level | −0.097 *** | 0.011 | −0.100 *** | 0.011 |
Marital status | −0.107 *** | 0.023 | −0.105 *** | 0.023 |
Medical insurance | 0.003 | 0.065 | 0.033 | 0.065 |
Living arrangements | −0.044 ** | 0.020 | −0.044 ** | 0.021 |
Sleep duration | −0.087 *** | 0.005 | −0.087 *** | 0.005 |
Mediators | Effect | B | S.R. | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diversity of participation in social activities | Total effect ** (Direct + Indirect) | −0.054 | 0.022 | [−0.097, −0.010] | 0.016 |
Direct effect ** (Caring for grandchildren Depression) | −0.045 | 0.022 | [−0.088, −0.001] | 0.043 | |
Indirect effect *** (Caring for grandchildren Diversity of participation in social activities Depression) | −0.009 | 0.002 | [−0.014, −0.004] | <0.001 | |
Frequency of participation in social activities | Total effect ** (Direct + Indirect) | −0.053 | 0.022 | [−0.090, −0.016] | 0.018 |
Direct effect ** (Caring for grandchildren Depression) | −0.046 | 0.022 | [−0.084, −0.010] | 0.037 | |
Indirect effect *** (Caring for grandchildren Frequency of participation in social activities Depression) | −0.007 | 0.002 | [−0.010, −0.004] | 0.003 |
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Yang, X.; Yin, D. The Protective Effect of Caring for Grandchildren on the Mental Health of the Elderly: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031255
Yang X, Yin D. The Protective Effect of Caring for Grandchildren on the Mental Health of the Elderly: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031255
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Xue, and Doudou Yin. 2022. "The Protective Effect of Caring for Grandchildren on the Mental Health of the Elderly: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031255