Difference in Pandemic-Related Experiences and Factors Associated with Sickness Absence among Nurses Working in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Departments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Demographic Information
2.3.2. Nurses’ Pandemic-Related Experiences Questionnaire
2.3.3. The Big Five Inventory (BFI)
2.3.4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5)
2.3.5. Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS)
2.3.6. Occupational Stress Questionnaire
2.4. Strength of the Study
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Pandemic Experiences, Psychological Characteristics and Psychological Symptoms
3.2. Differences in Pandemic Experiences, Psychological Characteristics and Psychological Symptoms Regarding Use of Sick Leave
3.3. Canonical Correlation Coefficients and Eigenvalues
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Sample Size |
---|---|
Group 1 | 162 |
Group 2 | 162 |
Total | 324 |
Group incidence 1 | 15% |
Group incidence 2 | 85% |
Alpha | 0.05 |
Beta | 0.2 |
Strength | 0.8 |
Variables | N | M | SD | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nurses’ Experiences | ||||||
Stigmatization and misunderstanding | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.75 | 0.881 | 1.32 | 0.187 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.62 | 1.02 | |||
Socially distanced | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.14 | 0.88 | −2.24 | 0.026 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.34 | 0.86 | |||
Fear of infection | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.81 | 0.96 | −4.63 | <0.001 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 4.24 | 0.86 | |||
Personality traits | ||||||
Extraversion | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.769 | 0.572 | 1.32 | 0.186 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.692 | 0.546 | |||
Comfort | CoV nurses | 217 | 4.070 | 0.478 | −0.80 | 0.426 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 4.113 | 0.539 | |||
Conscientiousness | CoV nurses | 217 | 4.349 | 0.516 | 0.99 | 0.325 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 4.298 | 0.488 | |||
Neuroticism | CoV nurses | 217 | 2.19 | 0.631 | −2.44 | 0.015 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 2.38 | 0.79 | |||
Openness | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.524 | 0.524 | 0.53 | 0.594 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.497 | 0.438 | |||
PTSD symptoms | ||||||
PCL-5 in total | CoV nurses | 217 | 22.216 | 15.242 | −3.71 | <0.001 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 28.38 | 16.536 | |||
Coping strategies | ||||||
Problem-oriented coping strategy | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.910 | 0.529 | 0.81 | 0.42 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.859 | 0.648 | |||
Emotions-oriented coping strategy | CoV nurses | 217 | 2.774 | 0.735 | −1.64 | 0.10 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 2.907 | 0.814 | |||
Avoidance | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.54 | 0.660 | 4.53 | <0.001 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.242 | 0.598 | |||
Professional stressors | ||||||
Workplace organization and financial issues | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.734 | 0.865 | −0.70 | 0.483 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.796 | 0.833 | |||
Public criticism | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.268 | 1.097 | −2.37 | 0.018 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.53 | 1.015 | |||
Dangers and harms at work | CoV nurses | 217 | 2.960 | 1.034 | −1.15 | 0.251 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.080 | 0.996 | |||
Conflicts and communication at work | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.260 | 0.968 | −0.43 | 0.667 |
Non-CoV nurses | 163 | 3.309 | 1.164 | |||
Shift work | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.588 | 0.972 | −0.53 | 0.600 |
No | 163 | 3.650 | 1.229 | |||
Professional and intellectual requirements | CoV nurses | 217 | 3.227 | 0.920 | −2.36 | 0.019 |
No | 163 | 3.47 | 1.044 |
Variable | Sick Leave * | N | Mean | SD | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stigmatization and misunderstanding | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.964 | 0.740 | ||
No | 106 | 3.436 | 1.107 | 3.631 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.712 | 0.866 | |||
No | 164 | 3.766 | 0.887 | −0.396 | 0.693 | ||
Socially distanced | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.438 | 0.769 | 0.101 | |
No | 106 | 3.292 | 0.898 | 0.877 | 0.28 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.094 | 1.015 | |||
No | 164 | 3.158 | 0.830 | −0.417 | 0.678 | ||
Fear of infection | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 4.570 | 0.467 | 0.061 | |
No | 106 | 4.066 | 0.961 | 0.933 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 4.198 | 0.769 | |||
No | 164 | 3.682 | 0.989 | 3.940 | <0.001 | ||
Extraversion | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.618 | 0.558 | 0.740 | |
No | 106 | 3.732 | 0.538 | 0.052 | 0.21 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.792 | 0.475 | |||
No | 164 | 3.761 | 0.601 | 0.385 | 0.701 | ||
Comfort | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 4.003 | 0.486 | 0.064 | |
No | 106 | 4.171 | 0.559 | 0.054 | 0.48 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 4.100 | 0.507 | |||
No | 164 | 4.061 | 0.470 | 0.503 | 0.616 | ||
Conscientiousness | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 4.113 | 0.474 | 0.062 | |
No | 106 | 4.39 | 0.47 | 0.05 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 4.304 | 0.537 | |||
No | 164 | 4.364 | 0.509 | −0.720 | 0.473 | ||
Neuroticism | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 2.736 | 0.804 | 0.106 | |
No | 106 | 2.175 | 0.722 | 0.070 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 2.121 | 0.705 | |||
No | 164 | 2.208 | 0.606 | −0.806 | 0.423 | ||
Openness | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.345 | 0.402 | 0.053 | |
No | 106 | 3.579 | 0.437 | 0.042 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.243 | 0.577 | |||
No | 164 | 3.614 | 0.473 | −4.240 | <0.001 | ||
PCL-5 in total | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 32.789 | 14.641 | 1.939 | |
No | 106 | 26.009 | 17.068 | 1.657 | 0.01 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 19.377 | 18.337 | |||
No | 164 | 23.134 | 14.039 | −1.368 | 0.176 | ||
Problem-oriented coping strategy | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.577 | 0.642 | 0.085 | |
No | 106 | 4.011 | 0.601 | 0.058 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.63 | 0.58 | |||
No | 164 | 4.000 | 0.481 | −4.188 | <0.001 | ||
Emotions-oriented coping strategy | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.040 | 0.723 | 0.958 | |
No | 106 | 2.836 | 0.853 | 0.082 | 0.11 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 2.668 | 0.772 | |||
No | 164 | 2.809 | 0.722 | −1.169 | 0.246 | ||
Avoidance | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.060 | 0.506 | 0.067 | |
No | 106 | 3.340 | 0.623 | 0.060 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.497 | 0.520 | |||
No | 164 | 3.548 | 0.700 | −0.568 | 0.571 | ||
Workplace organization and financial issues | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 4.033 | 0.728 | 0.096 | |
No | 106 | 3.669 | 0.861 | 0.083 | 0.01 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.838 | 0.678 | |||
No | 164 | 3.701 | 0.9165 | 1.170 | 0.244 | ||
Public criticism | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.918 | 0.862 | 0.114 | |
No | 106 | 3.316 | 1.033 | 0.100 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.154 | 0.912 | |||
No | 164 | 3.304 | 1.151 | −0.978 | 0.330 | ||
Dangers and harms at work | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.242 | 0.988 | 0.130 | |
No | 106 | 2.993 | 0.994 | 0.965 | 0.13 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.037 | 1.034 | |||
No | 164 | 2.935 | 1.036 | 0.629 | 0.531 | ||
Conflicts and communication at work | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.554 | 1.082 | 0.143 | |
No | 106 | 3.177 | 1.190 | 0.115 | 0.04 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.252 | 0.878 | |||
No | 164 | 3.263 | 0.997 | −0.074 | 0.941 | ||
Shift work | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.463 | 1.321 | 0.175 | |
No | 106 | 3.750 | 1.171 | 0.113 | 0.17 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.645 | 1.032 | |||
No | 164 | 3.570 | 0.954 | 0.465 | 0.643 | ||
Professional and intellectual requirements | Non-CoV nurses | Yes | 57 | 3.886 | 0.985 | 0.130 | |
No | 106 | 3.245 | 1.010 | 0.098 | <0.001 | ||
CoV nurses | Yes | 53 | 3.367 | 0.824 | |||
No | 164 | 3.181 | 0.946 | 1.379 | 0.171 |
CoV Nurses | Non-CoV Nurses | |
---|---|---|
Function | Function | |
Stigmatization and misunderstanding | −0.007 | 0.557 |
Socially distanced | 0.232 | −0.471 |
Fear of infection | −0.540 | 0.446 |
Extraversion | −0.083 | 0.160 |
Comfort | −0.116 | 0.277 |
Conscientiousness | −0.023 | −0.139 |
Neuroticism | 0.410 | 0.670 |
Openness | 0.561 | 0.670 |
PCL-5 total | −0.080 | −0.223 |
Problem-oriented coping strategy | 0.646 | −0.203 |
Emotions-oriented coping strategy | 0.014 | −0.495 |
Avoidance | −0.283 | −0.102 |
Workplace organization and financial issues | −0.365 | −0.517 |
Public criticism | 0.546 | 0.984 |
Dangers and harms at work | −0.080 | 0.272 |
Conflicts and communication at work | −0.185 | −0.144 |
Shift work | 0.245 | −0.720 |
Professional and intellectual requirements | −0.298 | 0.294 |
Using Sick Leave after June 2020 | Predicted Group Membership | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
YES | NO | ||||
CoV nurses | Count | Yes | 26 | 27 | 53 |
No | 6 | 158 | 164 | ||
% | Yes | 49.1 | 50.9 | 100 | |
No | 3.7 | 96.3 | 100 | ||
Non-CoV nurses | Count | Yes | 36 | 21 | 57 |
No | 13 | 93 | 106 | ||
% | Yes | 63.2 | 36.8 | 100 | |
No | 12.3 | 87.7 | 100 |
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Dolić, M.; Antičević, V.; Dolić, K.; Pogorelić, Z. Difference in Pandemic-Related Experiences and Factors Associated with Sickness Absence among Nurses Working in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Departments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031093
Dolić M, Antičević V, Dolić K, Pogorelić Z. Difference in Pandemic-Related Experiences and Factors Associated with Sickness Absence among Nurses Working in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Departments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031093
Chicago/Turabian StyleDolić, Matea, Vesna Antičević, Krešimir Dolić, and Zenon Pogorelić. 2022. "Difference in Pandemic-Related Experiences and Factors Associated with Sickness Absence among Nurses Working in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Departments" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031093